نقش تعدیل‌کنندگی کنش ‌تأملی در رابطۀ ادراک پذیرش- طرد والدینی و تنظیم هیجانات در نوجوانان

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد روان‌شناسی بالینی خانواده، پژوهشکدۀ خانواده، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

2 استادیار روان‌شناسی، پژوهشکدۀ خانواده، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

10.48308/apsy.2023.231548.1485

چکیده

هدف: هدف از پژوهش حاضر، آزمودن نقش تعدیل‌کنندگی کنش تأملی در رابطۀ ادراک پذیرش- طرد والدینی و تنظیم هیجانات در نوجوانان بود.
 
 روش: این پژوهش از نوع مطالعات همبستگی است. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش را نوجوانان 18-14 سالۀ ایرانی تشکیل دادند. داده‌ها به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس از 400 نوجوان داوطلب شرکت در پژوهش جمع‌آوری شد. آن‌ها مجموعه‌ای از پرسشنامه‌هایی را به‌صورت آنلاین تکمیل کردند که این پرسشنامه‌ها شامل: پرسشنامۀ کنش تأملی فوناگی و همکاران (2016)، فرم کوتاه پرسشنامۀ پذیرش- طرد والدینی روهنر (2005) و دشواری در تنظیم هیجانات گراتز و روئمر (2004) بودند. برای پاسخ به سؤالات پژوهش از مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری استفاده شد.
 
یافته‌ها: بین ادراک طرد پدر و مادر و همچنین بعد عدم قطعیت کنش تأملی با دشواری در تنظیم هیجانات نوجوانان رابطۀ مثبت و معناداری وجود دارد اما بعد قطعیت با دشواری در تنظیم هیجانات رابطۀ منفی معناداری داشت. همچنین بعد قطعیت کنش تأملی در رابطۀ ادراک طرد پدر و مادر با دشواری در تنظیم هیجانات نقش تعدیل‌کننده داشت؛ در حالی‌که بعد عدم قطعیت کنش تأملی نتوانست در رابطۀ ادراک طرد پدر و مادر با دشواری در تنظیم هیجانات نوجوانان نقش تعدیل‌کننده ایفا کند.
 
نتیجه‌گیری: در صورتیکه نوجوانان از کنش تأملی خوبی برخوردار باشند، می‌توانند با تأثیرات ناشی از طرد والدینی به‌شکل مطلوب‌تری کنار آیند. بنابراین کمک به بهبود سطح کنش تأملی می‌تواند در دستور کار درمانگرانی قرار بگیرد که در حیطۀ کودک، نوجوان و روابط والد- فرزندی کار می‌کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Moderating Role of Reflective Functioning in The Relationship Between Perceived Parental Acceptance-Rejection and Emotion Regulation in Adolescents

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Tahan 1
  • Parisa Sadat Seyed Mousavi 2
1 Master of Family Clinical Psychology, Family Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor of Psychology, Family Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Aim: The aim of the current study was to determine the moderating role of reflective functioning in the relationship between perceived parental acceptance-rejection and emotion regulation in adolescents.
 
Method: This research was a correlational study. The statistical population included Iranian students aged 14-18 years. Data were collected through convenience sampling from 400 adolescents who completed a series of online questionnaires: Fonagy et al.'s Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (2016), the short form of Rohner's Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (2005), and Gratz and Roemer's (2004) Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.
 
Results: There was a positive and significant relationship between perceived parental rejection and the uncertainty dimension of reflective functioning with difficulties in emotion regulation in adolescents. Conversely, the certainty dimension had a negative and significant relationship with difficulties in emotion regulation. The certainty dimension of reflective functioning moderated the relationship between perceived parental rejection and difficulties in emotion regulation, while the uncertainty dimension did not.
 
Conclusion: Adolescents with a higher level of reflective functioning can better cope with the effects of parental rejection. Therefore, improving reflective functioning should be a focus for therapists working with children, adolescents, and in parent-child relationships.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Adolescents
  • Emotion Regulation
  • Parental Acceptance-Rejection
  • Reflective Functioning
Alcin, B. N., Faraji, H., & Tezcan, A. E. The Relationship Between Mothers’ Parental Acceptance-Rejection Levels and Their Emotion Regulation Skills. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Kadın ve Aile Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 1-28 10. DOI:10.5539/jel.v6n2p305.]Link[
Antonsen, B. T., Johansen, M. S., Rø, F. G., Kvarstein, E. H., & Wilberg, T. (2016). Is reflective functioning associated with clinical symptoms and long-term course in patients with personality disorders?. Comprehensive psychiatry64, 46-58. DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.05.016.]Link[
Badoud, D., Luyten, P., Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Eliez, S., Fonagy, P., & Debbané, M. (2015). The French version of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire: Validity data for adolescents and adults and its association with non-suicidal self-injury. PloSone10(12),e0145892.DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145892 .]link[
Besharat, M. A. (2018). Difficulty in emotion regulation scale. Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 12(47), 89-92. [link]
Bizzi, F., Riva, A., Borelli, J. L., Charpentier‐Mora, S., Bomba, M., Cavanna, D., & Nacinovich, R. (2022). The Italian version of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire: Validity within a sample of adolescents and associations with psychological problems and alexithymia. Journal of Clinical Psychology78(4), 503-516. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23218.]Link[
Blakemore, S. J., & Mills, K. L. (2014). Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?. Annual review of psychology65, 187-207. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115202]Link[
Casselman, R. B., & McKenzie, M. D. (2015). Young adults’ recollections of parental rejection and self-reported aggression: The mediating roles of insecure adult attachment and emotional dysregulation. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma8(1), 61-71. DOI:10.1007/s40653-014-0032-x]Link[
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research295(2), 295-336.[link]
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. psychometrika16(3), 297-334.[link]
Darzi Ramandi, A., & Sheikh al-Islami, R. (2017). Structural equation modeling of the relationships between parental acceptance-rejection, social information processing, and adolescents' aggression. Social Psychology Research. 7(26). [link]
Davari, A., & Rezazadeh, A. (2013). Structural Equation Modeling with PLS. Tehran: Jahad Daneshgahi Publications.
De Berardis, D., Fornaro, M., Orsolini, L., Ventriglio, A., Vellante, F., & Di Giannantonio, M. (2020). Emotional dysregulation in adolescents: Implications for the development of severe psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation and behaviors. Brain Sciences10(9), 591. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090591]link[
Di Giunta, L., Lunetti, C., Gliozzo, G., Rothenberg, W. A., Lansford, J. E., Eisenberg, N., ... & Virzì, A. T. (2022). Negative Parenting, Adolescents’ Emotion Regulation, Self-Efficacy in Emotion Regulation, and Psychological Adjustment. International journal of environmental research and public health19(4), 2251. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042251]Link[
Erfanifar, F., Zarani, F., & Shakari, O. (2018). Emotional maltreatment and internalized disorders in adolescent girls: The role of mediator of emotion regulation. Women and Family Studies, 6(1), 93-108. [link]
Flynn, E. B. (2016). Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Development: The Role of Implicit Theories of Emotion. University of California, Irvine.]link[
Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (1997). Attachment and reflective function: Their role in self-organization. Development and psychopathology9(4), 679-700.]link[
Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E. L., & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. New York: Other Press.]Link[
Fonagy, P., Target, M., & Gergely, G. (2000). Attachment and borderline personality disorder: A theory and some evidence. Psychiatric Clinics23(1), 103-122. DOI: 10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70146-5  link[
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. DOI: 10.2307/3150980 [link]
Gambin, M., Woźniak-Prus, M., Konecka, A., & Sharp, C. (2021). Relations between attachment to mother and father, mentalizing abilities and emotion regulation in adolescents. European Journal of Developmental Psychology18(1), 18-37. DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2020.1736030 ]link[
Gomez, R., & Rohner, R. P. (2011). Tests of factor structure and measurement invariance in the United States and Australia using the adult version of the parental acceptance-rejection questionnaire. Cross-Cultural Research45(3), 267-285. DOI: 10.1177/1069397111403111  [link[
Gomez, R., & Suhaimi, A. F. (2014).  Parent-Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (Short Form)--Malaysian Version. Parenting: Science and Practice. DOI: 10.1037/t55770-000 [link]
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment26, 41-54. DOI: 10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94 [link]
Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. F. (1988). Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns. Psychological bulletin103(2), 265. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.265 [Link[
Handeland, T. B., Kristiansen, V. R., Lau, B., Håkansson, U., & Øie, M. G. (2019). High degree of uncertain reflective functioning in mothers with substance use disorder. Addictive behaviors reports10, 100193. DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100193[link]
Hashemi, S., Amanollahi, Z., & Nouri, T. (2023). Phenomenological analysis of the lived experiences of adolescents with adaptive and maladaptive perceptions of parent-child relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 17(1), 61-79. [link]
Hooman, H. A. (2014). Structural equation modeling with LISREL. Tehran: SAMT Publications.
Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic management journal20(2),195-204.DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199902)20:2<195::AID-SMJ13>3.0.CO;2-7 [link]
Jurist,E. L. (2005). Mentalized affectivity. Psychoanalytic Psychology22(3), 426. DOI: 10.1037/0736-9735.22.3.426 [link[
Keskin, G., & Branje, S. (2022). Longitudinal relations between maternal and adolescent emotion dysregulation and maternal autonomy support. Journal of Adolescence94(6), 811-828. DOI: 0.1002/jad.12065 [link]
Khaleque, A. (2017). Perceived parental hostility and aggression, and children’s psychological maladjustment, and negative personality dispositions: A meta-analysis. Journal of child and family studies26(4), 977-988. DOI: 10.1007/s10826-016-0637-9 [link]
Khaleque, A., & Ali, S. (2017). A systematic review of meta‐analyses of research on interpersonal acceptance–rejection theory: Constructs and measures. Journal of Family Theory & Review9(4), 441-458. DOI: 10.1111/jftr.12228 [link]   
Khaleque, A., & Rohner, R. P. (2002). Perceived parental acceptance‐rejection and psychological adjustment: A meta‐analysis of cross‐cultural and intracultural studies. Journal of Marriage and Family64(1), 54-64. DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00054.x [link]
Khaleque, A., & Rohner, R. P. (2012). Transnational relations between perceived parental acceptance and personality dispositions of children and adults: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review16(2), 103-115. DOI: 10.1177/1088868311418986 ]link[
Khanzadeh, M., Saeidian, M., Hoseinchari, M., Masoud, H., & Edrisi, F. (2012). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale. Behavioral Sciences, 16(1), 24-33. [link]
Marszał, M., & Jańczak, A. (2018). Emotion dysregulation, mentalization and romantic attachment in the nonclinical adolescent female sample. Current Psychology37(4), 894-904.DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9573-0  link[
Morandotti, N., Brondino, N., Merelli, A., Boldrini, A., De Vidovich, G. Z., Ricciardo, S., ... & Luyten, P. (2018). The Italian version of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire: Validity data for adults and its association with severity of borderline personality disorder. PloS one13(11), e0206433. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206433 [link]
Morosan, L., Ghisletta, P., Badoud, D., Toffel, E., Eliez, S., & Debbané, M. (2020). Longitudinal relationships between reflective functioning, empathy, and externalizing behaviors during adolescence and young adulthood. Child psychiatry & human development51(1), 59-70.51(1), 59-70. DOI: 10.1007/s10578-019-00910-8 [Link[
Müller, S., Wendt, L. P., Spitzer, C., Masuhr, O., Back, S. N., & Zimmermann, J. (2022). A critical evaluation of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ). Journal of personality assessment104(5), 613-627.DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2021.1981346 [link]
Petersen, I. T., Lindhiem, O., LeBeau, B., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., Lansford, J. E., & Dodge, K. A. (2018). Development of internalizing problems from adolescence to emerging adulthood: accounting for heterotypic continuity with vertical scaling. Developmental Psychology, 54(3), 586–599.DOI: 10.1037/dev0000449 [link]
Poznyak, E., Morosan, L., Perroud, N., Speranza, M., Badoud, D., & Debbané, M. (2019). Roles of age, gender and psychological difficulties in adolescent mentalizing. Journal of adolescence74, 120-129. DOI:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.06.007]link[
Rohner, R. P. (1986). The warmth dimension: Foundations of parental acceptance-rejection theory. Sage Publications, Inc.[link]
Rohner, R. P. (2005). Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ): Test manual. In R. P. Rohner & A. Khaleque (Eds.), Handbook for the study of parental acceptance and rejection (4th ed., pp. 43–106). Storrs: Rohner Research Publications.
Rohner, R. P. (2021). Introduction to interpersonal acceptance-rejection theory (IPARTheory) and evidence. Online readings in psychology and culture6(1), 4. DOI: 10.9707/2307-0919.1055  [Link]
 Rohner, R. P., Khaleque, A., & Cournoyer, D. E. (2012). Introduction to parental acceptance-rejection theory, methods, evidence, and implications. Journal of Family Theory & Review2(1), 73-87. [link[
Rutherford, H. J., Wallace, N. S., Laurent, H. K., & Mayes, L. C. (2015). Emotion regulation in parenthood. Developmental Review36, 1-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.008 [Link[
Salaminios, G., Morosan, L., Toffel, E., Tanzer, M., Eliez, S., Badoud, D., ... & Debbané, M. (2021). Associations between schizotypal personality features, mentalizing difficulties and thought problems in a sample of community adolescents. Early Intervention in Psychiatry15(3), 705-715. DOI:10.1111/eip.13011 [link[
Schwarzer, N. H., Nolte, T., Fonagy, P., & Gingelmaier, S. (2021, January). Mentalizing and emotion regulation: Evidence from a nonclinical sample. In International forum of psychoanalysis (Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 34-45). Routledge. DOI:10.1080/0803706X.2021.1873418 [link]
Sharp, C., & Hernandez, J. (2021). Mindreading and psychopathology in middle childhood and adolescence. In Theory of Mind in Middle Childhood and Adolescence (pp. 231-252). Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780429326899-15  [link[
Taubner, S., & Curth, C. (2013). Mentalization mediates the relation between early traumatic experiences and aggressive behavior in adolescence. Psihologija (Beograd), 46, 177–192. DOI:10.2298/PSI1302177T[link[
Wetzels, M., Odekerken-Schröder, G., & Van Oppen, C. (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration. MIS quarterly, 177-195. DOI:10.2307/20650284 [link]
Woźniak-Prus, M., Gambin, M., Cudo, A., & Sharp, C. (2022). Investigation of the Factor Structure of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-8): One or Two Dimensions?. Journal of Personality Assessment104(6), 736-746. DOI:10.1080/00223891.2021.2014505 [link]
Young, K. S., Sandman, C. F., & Craske, M. G. (2019). Positive and negative emotion regulation in adolescence: links to anxiety and depression. Brain sciences9(4), 76. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9040076 [link]