https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/ Applied Psychology en daily 1 Sun, 03 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0430 Sun, 03 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0430 https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_101198.html The aim of study was to develop and validate a positive youth development model for Iranian adolescents. Methods: The type of study is qualitative and thematic analysis. The statistical population of the study was all written sources related to positive change, including keywords and related semantic background,teachers, parents with adolescent and adolescents aged 15-17 years, of which 25 selected sources with the highest rate Impact and indexed on the Global Positive Transformation website, 23 teachers, 30 parents, 40 schoolgirls and 15 psychologists were randomly selected to achieve theoretical saturation and in the validation section of Model 8 psychologists and  320 school girls and boys.  Result: Data obtained from semi-structured sources and interviews by content analysis and then exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed the conceptual model of positive Iranian adolescent development with eight components of hope, meaning, health, positive education, happiness, positive communication, identity, Character and personality abilities and 46 sub-components. Identification and hope factors were identified as the most important and least important factors by explaining 18.93% and 2.62% of the total variance of positive change, respectively. The indices x2 = 0.7, GFI = 0.98 and RMSEA = 0.001 showed the optimal fit of the model. Conclusion: By designing educational and therapeutic interventions based on the model of positive change of Iranian adolescence based on culture, we can try to cultivate the components of positive change for adolescents and facilitate the achievement of positive change in Iranian adolescents. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_102810.html Aim: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of Pennsylvania resilience training, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and positive psychotherapy on students’ psychological capital. Methods: A controlled pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study was conducted with a two-month follow-up. The statistical population included all third-year male students in Shahrekord public middle schools during the school year 2020-2021. Sixty students were conveniently sampled and randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups or a control group (n = 15 per group). Each of the experimental groups underwent six sessions, held twice weekly, of the Pennsylvania Resilience Program (Seligman et al., 2009), positive psychotherapy (Seligman et al., 2013), or mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (Segal et al., 2012). The controls did not receive any intervention during the same period. Luthans et al.’s (2007) Psychological Capital Questionnaire constituted the research instrument. The data were analyzed using a mixed model analysis of variance. Findings: due to significant difference in the means of the three groups in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages, the results revealed a significant effect of Pennsylvania resilience training, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and positive psychotherapy on psychological capital (P<=0.05) and the stability of these programs during the follow-up phase. Conclusion: Given the stressful nature of adolescence, the Pennsylvania Resilience Program, positive psychotherapy, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy can be utilized to enhance the psychological capital and mental health of adolescents, according to the findings of this study. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_102881.html Aim: This study aimed to identify the indicators for evaluating the quality of services of transit centers to reduce damage and to develop a tool to measure these indicators to provide an optimal model for improving services in these centers. Methods: This research was carried out using a qualitative and content analysis method. The statistical population included people associated with addiction harm reduction centers (including those referred to harm reduction centers and staff working in transit centers). Data were collected through purposive and available sampling and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 20 people. They were analyzed using a six-step content analysis method based on the six-step approach of Brown and Clark. Results: Analysis of participants' experiences led to identification of 2-main themes (services and organizational structure) and 15 sub-themes (syringe and needle program, HIV counseling and testing program, welfare services, low-threshold methadone maintenance treatment program, referral to levels Others became founders, staff, support organizations, physical environment, monitoring and supervision, training program, mobile relief team, statistics and information, performance, social and responsible support). Conclusion: The indicators obtained in the present study, which are based on the experience of employees, therapists and people who refer to harm reduction centers, can be used as an acceptable indicator in evaluating and monitoring the quality of service provided by these centers. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_103223.html Interventions are targeted strategies to change behavior that affect the causal or background factors of that behavior. The successful implementation of some interventions has conducted much research to develop various interventions. The development of interventions and educational packages based on theoretical and empirical evidence, besides stakeholders’ participation in this planning procedure, increases the acceptance of these interventions in the target community and the chances of their expansion and continuation. For this reason, employing the evidence and theory, and the participation of stakeholders and target group members in the development of an intervention is very important. Considering the importance of this issue and also the lack of information about a comprehensive framework for developing interventions and educational packages, intervention mapping as a systematic and step-by-step framework based on theory and evidence for the development of interventions is introduced and a case study is also provided. The steps of this approach include a logic model of the problem, specifying program outcomes and objectives, choosing theory and evidence-based methods, program production, program implementing plan, program evaluating the designed intervention and the consequences of its implementation to investigate the efficacy and effectiveness of the intervention, which is a recurrent and repetitive protocol to accumulate experimental and research evidence bases to ensure the acceptance and continuation of the interventions, develop multi-level interventions and guides their implementation strategies. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_104290.html Aim: The purpose of this research was to investigate factor structure, validity, and reliability of the Epistemic Trust, Mistrust, and Credulity Questionnaire (ETMCQ) in Iranian Society. Method: The research method was in terms of purpose, applied and the data collection method was descriptive correlational. The statistical population included all Iranian females and males above 18 years old in the year 2022. After translating and obtaining the face validity and the content validity of the questionnaire by experts, 690 adults were selected using convenience sampling and answered the Persian version of the ETMCQ. The factor validity of the ETMCQ, by confirmatory and exploratory analysis methods, and internal consistency by Cronbach's alpha were obtained. Also, to investigate the convergent and divergent validity, The Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire (ECR), The Mentalization Scale (MentS), The Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO), and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) were used. Results: The results showed that the three-factor structure of the questionnaire in the Iranian sample had a good fit with the data. Internal consistency for the epistemic trust, epistemic mistrust, and epistemic credulity was 0/66, 0/56, and 0/79, respectively. Also, the construct validity, the convergent validity, and the divergent validity of the instrument were confirmed. Conclusion: The findings of the current research confirmed the psychometric characteristics of the Epistemic Trust, Mistrust, and Credulity Questionnaire. Therefore, this questionnaire can be considered a suitable instrument for measuring the epistemic stances of adults in various research fields. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_104638.html A review of empirical evidence shows that substance use behavior in Adolescents results from different motives such as socializing with friends or escaping negative mood. Aim: this research was conducted with the aim of psychometric analysis of the comprehensive version of the Substance Use Motives Measure (SUMM) in adolescents. Methods: In this descriptive survey research, from the statistical population of the second high school boys in the 11th district of Tehran in the academic year 1402-1403, a number of 402 adolescents (mean age: 16.93) were selected using the convenience sampling method, responded to the SUMM, and Self-Efficacy-Short Version (SE-SV, Muris, 2001) and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS, Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet & Farley, 1988). Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the SUMM had good factorial validity with an eight-factor structure consisting of enhancement, social, conformity, anxiety-coping, depression-coping, boredom-coping, self-expansion & performance motives. In addition, the results related to the correlation between the multiple dimensions of the comprehensive model of substance use motives with self-efficacy beliefs and perceived social support defended the criterion validity of the SUMM. Besides, the Cronbach's alpha result showed that the subscales of the SUMM were internally consistent. Conclusion: the results of this research, while defending the sound of the theoretical foundation of the comprehensive model of the substance use motives measure in adolescents, showed that the SUMM to understand the reasons for their use of different substances is technically valid and reliable. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_105213.html Aim: The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the psychometric properties of the Implicit Theories of Intelligence Inventory for Students. Method: In this research, a number of 402 adolescents (200 boys and 202 girls) were selected using the convenience sampling method, responded to the ITII-S (2008), the Brief Motivational Regulation Scale (2018) and the Motivational Persistence Scale (2011). The results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirmed the one-dimensionality of the ITII-S. Results: The results of the correlation between mindsets with regulation of motivation and motivational persistence provided additional evidence in defense of the criterion validity of the ITII-S. The internal consistency coefficient of the ITII-S was 0.93. Conclusion: In sum, the results of the research by supporting the validity and reliability technical characteristics of the ITII-S, emphasized on the one hand, on the sound of the conceptual foundation of the implicit theory of intelligence to measure the learners’ mindsets, and on the other hand, on the use of this inventory to measure the implicit theories of intelligence. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_105320.html Aim: This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of self-control in the relationship between helicopter parenting and smartphone addiction in emerging adult students. Methods: The research was conducted using a descriptive-correlational design, specifically structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population included all university students in Tehran. Due to the large size of the population, it was not possible to determine the exact number. A total of 470 students were selected through convenience sampling, following Klein's recommendation. To collect data, the Helicopter Parenting Questionnaire (Pistella, 2020), the Smartphone Addiction Scale (Kwon, 2013), and the Short Form of the Self-Control Scale (Tangney, 2004) were used. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with SPSS and AMOS software. Results: The findings indicated a strong positive correlation between helicopter parenting and smartphone addiction (P<0.01), and a significant negative correlation between helicopter parenting and self-control (P<0.01). Structural equation modeling (SEM) results further revealed that self-control mediates the relationship between helicopter parenting and smartphone addiction (P<0.01). Conclusion: Helicopter parenting contributes to smartphone addiction in students by hindering their self-control. Enhancing students' self-control skills could help lessen the negative impacts of this parenting style and decrease the risk of addiction. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_105637.html Aim: This study was conducted with the aim of modeling the relationship between attachment styles and perceived social support with academic adjustment and self-regulation in adolescents.Methods: This research is a type of correlational research in which the statistical method of structural equation modeling is used. The study population included all students of the second secondary level in Tehran in the academic year of 1401-1402, who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and 600 people were selected. In order to collect data, the Collins and Reed Attachment Styles Questionnaire (1990), Perceived Social Support Scale (1988), Self-Regulated Learning Strategies Questionnaire (1990) and Adaptability Inventory for Students (1993) were used. SPSS-24 and LISREL-8/5 software were used for data analysis. Results: Secure attachment style had no direct effect on academic adjustment, but anxious and avoidant attachment style have a direct and negative effect on academic adjustment. Also, self-regulation had direct and positive effect on academic adjustment, but perceived social support didn’t show direct effect on academic adjustment. On-the-other-hand, Secure attachment style had direct effect on self-regulation, but anxious and avoidant attachment styles didn’t have direct effect on self-regulation. In-addition, perceived social support had direct and positive effect on self-regulation. The model tested in the current study has good fit with the initial conceptual model.Conclusion: The self-regulation plays a mediating role in relationship between anxious and avoidant attachment style and academic adjustment and between perceived social support and academic adjustment. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_106188.html Aim: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of parenting training based on acceptance and commitment on parenting ability in mothers of children with hearing loss. Method: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population included all the mothers of 4 to 6-year-old children with hearing loss in Shiraz in 2022-2023. 30 people were selected through a convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people). Bamrind parenting styles questionnaire was used to collect data. For the experimental group, the parenting training program based on acceptance and commitment was implemented weekly in 8 sessions of 90 minutes and the data was analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (RMANOVA). Findings: The findings showed that parenting based on acceptance and commitment led to a significant improvement in mothers’ authoritative parenting style at post-test and follow-up (F= 6.741, P= 0.03). In addition, this program significantly reduced authoritarian (F= 45.812, P= 0.001) and permissive (F= 24.951, P= 0.001) parenting styles at post-test and follow-up. Conclusion: The parenting training based on acceptance and commitment can empower mothers of children with hearing loss. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_106268.html Aim: The results of various studies have shown that positive psychological construct affect the mental health of cancer patients. However, most of the tools used to measure qualities such as optimism, hope, self-efficacy and resilience have been developed in general samples. This research was conducted with the aim of psychometric analysis of psychological capital questionnaire for patients with cancer. Method: In this descriptive survey research, the number of 250 patients with cancer who were selected through the available sampling method from a number of hospitals in Tehran, responded to the Psychological Capital Questionnaire for patients with Cancer (PCQ-C), and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS). Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the PCQ-C Cancer had good factorial validity with a four-factor structure consisting of self-efficacy, resilience, hope and pessimism. In addition, the results related to the correlation between the dimensions of patients' psychological capital with life satisfaction and aspects of psychological disturbance in them supported the criterion validity of the Persian version of the PCQ-C. Conclusion: The results showed that the psychological capital questionnaire for patients with cancer, due to the sound of the underlying conceptual origin of its measurement model, in terms of psychometric characteristics, had sufficient technical adequacy to measure psychological resources in cancer patients https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_106610.html Aim: This study adapted and evaluated the revised Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-RR) for Iranian adolescents. Method: Participants were 873 eighth- and ninth-grade students in Tehran, recruited via stratified random sampling, who completed the PVQ-RR and criterion measures. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the structure of 19 values and four higher-order dimensions (Conservation, Self-Transcendence, Openness to Change, and Self-Enhancement) with acceptable fit and adequate item validity. While Schwartz’s circular value model and motivational oppositions were generally reproduced, congruence with the theoretical structure was not complete, as values such as Self-Direction–Action and Universalism–Tolerance showed positional shifts. Reliability was satisfactory overall, although Hedonism and Achievement were weaker. Convergent and discriminant validity were supported: religiosity correlated positively with Conservation but negatively with Openness to Change and Self-Enhancement; empathy related most strongly to Self-Transcendence; and self-esteem was positively associated with Self-Enhancement. These findings confirm essential elements of the universal model while also revealing cultural specificities in how values are organized among Iranian adolescents. The circular structure was largely preserved, and meaningful associations with psychological variables emerged, indicating that adolescents can differentiate between conflicting values. Conclusion: The Persian PVQ-RR thus provides a valid and reliable measure for studying values in this population and can inform both psychological research and educational planning. In sum, although the Persian version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire (RR) demonstrates acceptable validity and reliability for assessing Iranian adolescents’ values, cautious interpretation of the results is advised. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_106627.html Aim: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of empowerment-based parenting program on emotional processing in mothers of Adolescents with hearing loss. Method: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design and a control group. The statistical population included all the mothers of 12 to 15-year-old adolescents with hearing loss in Mashhad in 2023-2024. 32 people were selected through a convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (16 people). The Emotional Processing Scale (Baker et al., 2007) was used to collect data. The experimental group participated in the Reckmeyer and Robison empowerment-based parenting program (2016) in 10 sessions of 70 minutes, while the control group did not participate in this program. The data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS version 25. Findings: The findings showed that the empowerment-based parenting program had a significant effect on improving the emotional processing in mothers of adolescents with hearing loss (F = 734.64, F = 0.001). In addition, it significantly reduced suppression (F = 213.52, F = 0.001), unpleasant emotional experience (F = 266.56, F = 0.001), emotional processing symptoms (F = 86.89, F = 0.001), avoidance (F = 181.12, F = 0.001), and emotional control (F = 297.19, F = 0.001). Conclusion: A competency-based parenting program that emphasizes identifying and strengthening the abilities, talents, and skills of parents and children improved emotional processing in mothers of adolescents with hearing loss. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_106628.html Aim: Separation anxiety disorder is the most common anxiety disorder in children; although the role of parents is acknowledged, its nature remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore the lived experiences of mothers of such children and to develop a parenting package based on these experiences to address the needs of this group. Method: This qualitative study was conducted in two parts. In the first part, using purposive sampling, mothers of children aged 4 to 6 years diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder and residing in District 3 of Isfahan in 2023 were selected. Interviews were continued until data saturation with 13 mothers and were analyzed using Giorgi’s method. In the second part, a parenting package was developed based on the mothers'lived experiences. Its content validity was evaluated and confirmed by 8 experts. Results: Six main themes were identified in the first part, including psychological burnout, ineffective parenting strategies, daily functioning impairment, persistent anxiety and worry, and need for professional and social support, with 29 subthemes. In the second part, based on the extracted themes, a parenting package was designed in 10 sessions with a focus on the mother–child dyad; the relative content validity ratio (CVR) of the package ranged from 0.75 to 1.00, and the content validity index (CVI) exceeded 0.90. Conclusion: The developed parenting package is specifically tailored to the needs of mothers of children with separation anxiety disorder and can be used for symptom alleviation and prevention purposes. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_106704.html Aim: The present study aims to model the structural equations of smartphone addiction based on social anxiety with the mediating role of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and avoidant coping style.   Method: The present study was a descriptive correlational study using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study included students of Imam Khomeini International University of Qazvin in 1404, from which 200 people were selected using convenience sampling. The research instruments included the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire by Garnefski et al. (2006), the Stress Coping Strategies Questionnaire by Endler and Parker (1990), the Smartphone Addiction Scale by Kwon et al. (2013), and the Social Phobia Questionnaire by Connor et al. (2000). The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software and structural equation modeling.     Results: The results of structural equation modeling showed that the research model had a good fit after modification. also, the final model was able to explain 46% of the variance of smartphone addiction. The direct effect of social anxiety on smartphone addiction was not significant, but its indirect effect through maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and avoidant coping style  are significant.Conclusion: The results showed that social anxiety indirectly leads to smartphone addiction through maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and avoidant coping style.These results emphasize the importance of paying attention to cognitive and behavioral mechanisms in the prevention and treatment of smartphone addiction. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_106747.html Aim: The study aimed to develop a schema-based noncognitive life-skills- optimism, conscientiousness, control, emotional stability, and perseverance- training program on loneliness, resilience, social isolation, and life purpose among retired men.Method: This study employed a mixed-methods design. In the qualitative phase, the training program was developed using theoretical literature and expert feedback. In the quantitative phase, a mixed repeated-measures design was applied. The statistical population consisted of 700000 male retirees aged 50–75 who were members of retirement associations in Tehran during February and March 2025. Based on GPower calculations, 34 participants were selected through purposive sampling from retirement centers and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The intervention was carried out in spring 2025. Instruments included the Resilience Scale (Connor & Davidson, 2003), the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, Peplau & Cutrona, 1980), the Social Isolation Scale (Nicholson, Feinn, Casey & Dixon, 2020), and the Purpose in Life Scale (Crumbaugh & Maholick, 1964). Data were analyzed using mixed-design multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures.Results: The findings indicated that the schema-based life-skills program led to increased resilience (p = 0.001), purpose in life (p < 0.001), and reduced loneliness (p = 0.002) at the posttest. However, it did not produce a significant change in social isolation. These effects maintained at follow-up assessment.Conclusion: The results suggest that this educational program can serve as an effective approach for enhancing psychological well-being and improving adjustment during retirement. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_106754.html Aim: Social-emotional learning plays a crucial role in psychological adjustment, social interactions, and academic success. However, for deaf and hard-of-hearing students, this process is particularly complex due to communication challenges, social attitudes, and environmental limitations. Despite growing quantitative research, in-depth understanding of these students’ lived experiences remains limited. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of secondary school students with hearing loss in Shahrekord regarding factors affecting social-emotional learning. Method: Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 10 students and analyzed via Colaizzi’s method. Findings: Six main themes emerged: acceptance of hearing loss, communication and social interaction skills, emotion regulation and stress management, social conditions and fairness, challenges and barriers to social-emotional learning, and strategies and improvement needs. These themes represent various dimensions of students’ experiences within school and social interactions. Conclusion: Social-emotional learning in deaf and hard-of-hearing students is a multidimensional, context-dependent phenomenon influenced by individual, communicational, and environmental factors. By presenting a lived-experience perspective, this study enriches qualitative literature and can inform the design of context-sensitive educational and support interventions. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_106759.html Aim: Individuals with gender identity disorder face various social and psychological problems after gender reassignment. Therefore, this study investigated the causal relationship between social support and body image with psychological well-being and life satisfaction, mediated by coping strategies of these individuals.Method: This descriptive-correlational study used structural equation modeling. Participants were 301 individuals with gender identity disorder who had undergone gender reassignment, selected via purposive sampling. The short form of Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Questionnaire, the Diener et al. Life Satisfaction Questionnaire, the Billings and Moos Coping Strategies Questionnaire, the Littleton Body Image Questionnaire, and the Zimet Social Support Questionnaire were used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and Mplus software.Results: Results showed that social support had a significant positive effect on psychological well-being (P<0/001) and life satisfaction (P<0/001). Problem-focused (P<0/001) and emotion-focused (P<0/01) coping strategies mediated the relationship between social support and psychological well-being. Body image had a significant negative effect on life satisfaction (P<0/001) and psychological well-being (P<0/001). Emotion-focused coping strategies also mediated the relationship between body image fear and psychological well-being (P<0/05).Conclusion: Body image (through emotion-focused coping) and social support (through problem-focused coping) can influence the psychological well-being and life satisfaction. Therefore, focusing on these factors is essential. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_106787.html Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of adolescent-Centered mindfulness training on experiential avoidance and self-critical rumination among female adolescents with social anxiety. Method: The present study was quasi-experimental research with a pretest, posttest and follow-up design including a control group. The statistical population comprised all female high school students in the second grade in District 2 of Isfahan Province during the 2023–2024 academic year. A total of 30 adolescents who met the criteria for social anxiety were recruited from Amir al-Momenin School based on their scores on the Social Phobia Inventory (Connor et al., 2000). They were then randomly allocated to either the experimental or the control group, with 15 participants in each grou. Participants in both groups completed the Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (Gomez et al, 2011) and the Self-Critical Rumination Scale (Smart et al, 2016) at three time points: pretest, posttest, and follow-up. Result: Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. The results indicated that adolescent-centered mindfulness training had a significant effect on reducing experiential avoidance and self-critical rumination among female adolescents with social anxiety, and the effects were maintained at follow-up (p < 0.001). Conclusion: It is recommended that adolescent-centered mindfulness training be implemented by mental health professionals and school counselors in skills-training workshops and group counseling sessions in schools and related centers. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_106870.html Aim: The present study aimed to examine and explain differences in tendency to divorce, marital disaffection, differentiation of self, and sexual satisfaction based on demographic characteristics (duration of marriage, economic status, education level, and gender) among couples applying for divorce.Methods: This causal- conducted using purposive sampling. Data were collected during 2021 and 2022 from 426 individuals (213 couples) who visited the Divorce Reduction Office in Shiraz. Standardized questionnaires were used, including the Tendency to Divorce Scale, Sexual Satisfaction Scale, Differentiation of Self Scale, and Marital Disaffection Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 with one-way ANOVA and independent t-tests.Results: Tendency to divorce (p=0.013) and marital disaffection (p=0.007) were higher among couples with longer marriage duration. Sexual satisfaction was higher in the early years of marriage (p=0.002). Differentiation of self did not differ significantly by duration of marriage (p>0.05). Those with better economic status reported higher sexual satisfaction (p<0.01). Higher education was associated with greater sexual satisfaction (p<0.001) and differentiation of self (p=0.003). Men scored higher in differentiation of self (p=0.01) and sexual satisfaction (p=0.02), while women reported more marital disaffection (p=0.005). There was no significant gender difference in tendency to divorce (p=0.09).Conclusion: Demographic factors play a significant role in the quality of marital relationships, and gender differences should be considered in counseling interventions. Moreover, future research is needed to explore underlying cultural and psychological variables. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_106871.html Aim: This study aimed to develop and content-validate a cognitive–linguistic program for students with specific language impairment. The program was designed based on the psychometric framework of Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) cognitive abilities and relevant educational evidence. Method: A mixed-methods (qualitative–quantitative) design was used. In the qualitative phase, data were collected through a systematic literature review and semi-structured interviews with 10 specialists in speech–language pathology, educational psychology, and special education. Data were analyzed using deductive content analysis at three levels: basic, organizing, and overarching themes. In the quantitative phase, content validity was assessed by five experts with experience in evaluating educational programs using the Content Validity Ratio (CVR), Content Validity Index (CVI), and Kendall’s W to determine inter-expert agreement. Results: Findings identified one overarching theme, cognitive–linguistic abilities within the CHC framework, and five organizing themes: auditory processing; language processing and vocabulary knowledge; working memory and active processing; attention and executive functions; and social–communicative skills, comprising 38 basic themes. All sessions and activities achieved acceptable CVR and CVI values, and expert agreement ranged from moderate to relatively high (W = 0.512, p = 0.001). Conclusion: The developed program demonstrates a coherent structure aligned with CHC-based cognitive–linguistic dimensions and shows content relevance and appropriateness according to expert evaluation. Further experimental and intervention studies are required to examine its clinical effectiveness and implementation outcomes. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_106886.html Aim: The present study aimed to formulate a comprehensive theoretical model of the psychological consultation process between adolescents and artificial intelligence. Method: This qualitative study was conducted using the Grounded Theory approach. The research population consisted of adolescents from various cities in Iran in the year 1404 (2025-2026), who were selected via purposive sampling. The sample size reached 21 participants based on the principle of theoretical saturation. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Strauss and Corbin’s constant comparative analysis method through three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. Result: Data analysis led to the development of a paradigm model whose central phenomenon is the psychological consultation of adolescents with artificial intelligence. The causal conditions of this phenomenon are the need for a psychological-functional refuge. The underlying factor of psychological-emotional vulnerability and the intervening factors of the socio-technological enabling structure were also identified. In the face of these conditions, adolescents employ their digitalized agency strategy. The consequences of this process are dual in nature; on the one hand, it leads to the experience of fleeting peace and superficial functioning, and on the other hand, it can be accompanied by a harmful transformation in the human-technology relationship and the erosion of social and communicative capital. Conclusion: The findings highlight the necessity of designing regulatory frameworks for the balanced utilization of artificial intelligence to prevent the trade-off of long-term resilience for short-term relief. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_106912.html Aim: The purpose of this study was to validate and evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention based on mentalization and to examine its effect on teacher-student interaction, meta-emotional philosophy, and new teachers' emotional experiences. Method: This Semi-experimental study was conducted in the form of a pretest, posttest, and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population was all new elementary school teachers in Mashhad in the academic year 1405-04, from which 24 new teachers were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assignment into two groups of 12 each, experimental and control; the experimental group received mentalization training during eight 90-minute sessions. Both groups were assessed using the Lourdusamy, & Khine (2001) Teacher-Student Interaction Questionnaire, Ciucci et al. (2015) Metaemotional Philosophy, and Chen's Emotion Inventory (2016) in three stages: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. Results: The results of repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that mentalization training for new teachers was able to create a significant difference between the two groups in the positive teacher interpersonal behaviors (F=60.660, P<0.001), the negative teacher interpersonal behaviors (F=75.468, P<0.001), the metaemotional philosophy (F=78.225, P<0.001), and the positive (F=70.640, P<0.001) and negative (F=16.09, P<0.05) emotional experiences. Conclusion: Based on the Results, it can be concluded that mentalization training can be used as an effective program to improve teacher-student interaction, metaemotional philosophy, and new teachers' emotional experiences.  https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_106965.html Aim: With the rapid expansion of digital technologies, early screen exposure has become a growing concern in developmental research. This study aimed to evaluate developmental indicators in children aged 24 to 38 months who were regularly exposed to screen media.Method: A quantitative, descriptive, cross‑sectional design was employed. The study population included children aged 24 to 38 months who attended two counseling centers in Tehran in 2024 and were exposed to screen media for more than one hour per day. Using simple random sampling, 134 children were selected. Data were collected through the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Third Edition (ASQ‑3; Squires & Bricker, 2009), the Screen Media Questionnaire (Klakk et al., 2020), clinical interviews with parents, and direct observation of each child by specialists. For data analysis, a one‑sample t‑test was conducted for the 27‑ and 36‑month age groups, and the nonparametric one‑sample Wilcoxon test was used for the 33‑month group. Analyses were performed using SPSS‑27.Results: Results showed that children scored significantly below the cutoff points across all developmental domains (p < 0.001). The greatest decline was observed in the problem‑solving domain, while the smallest decline occurred in fine motor skills.Conclusion: Overall, the findings indicate that children with daily screen exposure exceeding one hour demonstrated reduced performance in all developmental domains, with the widest gap appearing in problem‑solving abilities. These results underscore the need for careful monitoring and management of screen use during early childhood to promote healthy developmental trajectories. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_106985.html Aim: The present study aimed to examine the predictive roles of childhood emotional maltreatment and emotional schemas in attention bias toward attachment-related images. Method: This study employed a descriptive–correlational design. The statistical population consisted of students from universities in Tehran during the 2022–2023 academic year, from whom 228 participants (174 women and 54 men) were selected through convenience sampling. The mean age of the participants was 21.19 years. Participants completed the Life Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ; 2001), Leahy’s Emotional Schemas Scale (ESS; 2002), and the Visual Search Task (VST; 2001). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Results: The findings indicated a significant negative association between dimensions of childhood emotional maltreatment (emotional neglect and emotional abuse) and the total score of emotional schemas with attention bias. Regression analysis revealed that emotional neglect and emotional abuse jointly accounted for 15% of the variance in attention bias (attentional avoidance). Furthermore, among the emotional schema dimensions, only the rationality subscale significantly predicted attention bias, explaining 13% of its variance. Conclusion: The results suggest that emotionally traumatic childhood experiences and maladaptive beliefs about emotions—particularly an overemphasis on rationality—contribute to automatic attentional avoidance of attachment-related stimuli in adulthood. These findings highlight the role of implicit cognitive mechanisms in the maintenance of attachment patterns and have important implications for the development of therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying attentional biases. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_106986.html Aim: The family, as the fundamental unit of society, plays an irreplaceable role in shaping the personality and psychological well-being of future generations. However, achieving harmony in parenting styles between couples has always been challenging. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate parents' lived experiences regarding discrepancies in parenting styles.   Method: This research employed a qualitative methodology with a descriptive phenomenological approach. The study population consisted of all parents of first-grade elementary school students in District 5 of Tehran in 2025. Among them, 26 individuals (13 couples) were selected through convenience sampling, continuing until data saturation was achieved. Data were collected using the Parenting Styles Scale and semi-structured interviews. The collected data were analyzed through member checking, audit trail, and parallel coding.   Results: The analysis yielded 15 sub-themes and 5 main themes, including emotional-physical experiences of conflict, perception of the nature and sources of conflict, relational dynamics and interactional patterns, perceived consequences, and coping strategies and meaning-making.   Conclusion: The findings of this research not only provide insight and awareness into the experiences of discrepancies in parenting styles among couples but can also be utilized for planning interventions to address the problems and challenges faced by this group.