Investigating the Psychometric properties of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale (RSSS) In Iranian Society

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of psychology , Tarbiat modares university, Tehran, Iran

2 department of psychology, Tarbiat Modares university, Tehran, Iran

3 Department of psychology Tarbiat Modares university Tehran Iran

4 Department of psychology, Tarbiat Modares university, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of Persian version of the Religious and Spiritual Straggles Scale. Method: The population included Iranian adults in Tehran in the age range of 14 to 75 years old, who were selected using the available sampling method. The Persian version of the Scale applied with the Elliott (1983) Spiritual well-being and Cohen et al.'s (1994) Perceived Tension Questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis and convergent and divergent validity were used to evaluate the validity of the scale and Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate its reliability. For examining the reliability of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale, it was performed on 37 subjects and Pearson correlation was used to measure it. Results: The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated the fit and desirability of the six-factor model. Significant correlations between the factors of the Scale with of Spiritual Well-being and Perceived Tension also confirmed the divergent and convergent validity of this scale. The reliability of the scale using Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculation for the whole scale is 0.8 and the test-retest correlation coefficient of 0.9 Obtained. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that the Persian version of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale, which has six factors, has a factor structure similar to the original version of the scale and has the necessary validity and reliability for using in psychological research in the Iranian sample.

Keywords


  1. Abu-Raiya, H., Pargament, K. I., & Krause, N. (2016). Religion as problem, religion as solution: Religious buffers of the links between religious/spiritual struggles and well-being/mental health. Quality of Life Research, 25(5), 1265-1274.(link)

    Alarcón, D., Sánchez, J. A., & De Olavide, U. (2015). Assessing convergent and discriminant validity in the ADHD-R IV rating scale: User-written commands for Average Variance Extracted (AVE), Composite Reliability (CR), and Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio of correlations (HTMT). Spanish STATA meeting. (link)

    Ashouri, F. P., Hamadiyan, H., Nafisi, M., Parvizpanah, A., & Rasekhi, S. (2016). The relationships between religion/spirituality and Mental and Physical Health: A review. Disease and Diagnosis, 5(2), 28-34. (link)

    Barrett, P. (2007). Structural equation modelling: Adjudging model fit. Personality and Individual differences, 42(5), 815-824. (link)

    Beck, R., & McDonald, A. (2004). Attachment to God: The Attachment to God Inventory, tests of working model correspondence, and an exploration of faith group differences. Journal of psychology and theology, 32(2), 92-103.(link)

    Bockrath, M. F., Pargament, K. I., Wong, S., Harriott, V. A., Pomerleau, J. M., Homolka, S. J., Chaudhary, Z. B., & Exline, J. J. (2021). Religious and spiritual struggles and their links to psychological adjustment: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. (link)

    Bryant, F. B., & Yarnold, P. R. (1995). Principal-components analysis and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. (link)

    Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1994). Perceived stress scale. Measuring stress: A guide for health and social scientists, 10(2), 1-2. (link)

    Currier, J. M., Foster, J. D., vanOyen Witvliet, C., Abernethy, A. D., Luna, L. M. R., Schnitker, S. A., VanHarn, K., & Carter, J. (2019). Spiritual struggles and mental health outcomes in a spiritually integrated inpatient program. Journal of Affective Disorders, 249, 127-135. (link)

    Ellison, C. G., Fang, Q., Flannelly, K. J., & Steckler, R. A. (2013). Spiritual struggles and mental health: Exploring the moderating effects of religious identity. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 23(3), 214-229. (link)

    Ellison, C. G., & Lee, J. (2010). Spiritual struggles and psychological distress: Is there a dark side of religion? Social Indicators Research, 98(3), 501-517. (link)

    Ellison, C. W. (1983). Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of psychology and theology, 11(4), 330-338. (link)

    Exline, J. J. (2013). Religious and spiritual struggles. (link)

    Exline, J. J., Kaplan, K. J., & Grubbs, J. B. (2012). Anger, exit, and assertion: Do people see protest toward God as morally acceptable? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4(4), 264. (link)

    Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Grubbs, J. B., & Yali, A. M. (2014). The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale: Development and initial validation. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(3), 208. (link)

    Exline, J. J., Park, C. L., Smyth, J. M., & Carey, M. P. (2011). Anger toward God: Social-cognitive predictors, prevalence, and links with adjustment to bereavement and cancer. Journal of personality and social psychology, 100(1), 129. (link)

    Flora, D. B., LaBrish, C., & Chalmers, R. P. (2012). Old and new ideas for data screening and assumption testing for exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Frontiers in Psychology3, 55.(link)

    Gjersing, L., Caplehorn, J. R., & Clausen, T. (2010). Cross-cultural adaptation of research instruments: language, setting, time and statistical considerations. BMC medical research methodology, 10(1), 1-10. (link)

    Granqvist, P., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2013). Religion, spirituality, and attachment. (link)

    Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. Uppersaddle River. In: NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.(link)

    Hall, T. W., & Edwards, K. J. (1996). The initial development and factor analysis of the Spiritual Assessment Inventory. Journal of psychology and theology, 24(3), 233-246.(link)

    Henrie, J., & Patrick, J. H. (2014). Religiousness, religious doubt, and death anxiety. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 78(3), 203-227. (link)

    Hu, L. t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55. (link)

    Jackson, D. L., Gillaspy Jr, J. A., & Purc-Stephenson, R. (2009). Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: an overview and some recommendations. Psychological methods14(1), 6(link).

    Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications. (link)

    Krause, N., & Ellison, C. G. (2009). The doubting process: A longitudinal study of the precipitants and consequences of religious doubt in older adults. Journal for the scientific study of religion, 48(2), 293-312. (link)

    1. Farahaninia, M. Abbasi, A. Givari, & H. Haghani. (2006). Nursing Students’ Spiritual Well-Being and Their Perspectives Towards Spirituality and Spiritual Care Perspectives [Research]. Iran Journal of Nursing, 18(44), 7-14. (link)

    Maroufizadeh, S., Zareiyan, A., & Sigari, N. (2014). Psychometric properties of the 14, 10 and 4-item “Perceived Stress Scale” among asthmatic patients in Iran [Research]. Health Monitor Journal of the Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, 13(4), 457-465. (link)

    Matsunaga, M. (2010). How to Factor-Analyze Your Data Right: Do's, Don'ts, and How-To's. International journal of psychological research3(1), 97-110.(link)

    McCullough, M. E., & Carter, E. C. (2013). Religion, self-control, and self-regulation: How and why are they related?(link)

    Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2016). Applied Multivariate Research: Design and Interpretation. SAGE Publications. (link)

    Milunsky, A. (2012). Coping with Crisis and Handicap. Springer US. (link)

    Pargament, K. I. (2011). Spiritually integrated psychotherapy: Understanding and addressing the sacred. Guilford press.(link)

    Pargament, K. I., Mahoney, A. E., Shafranske, E. P., Exline, J. J., & Jones, J. W. (2013). From research to practice: Toward an applied psychology of religion and spirituality. (link)

    Park, C. L., Edmondson, D., & Hale-Smith, A. (2013). Why religion? Meaning as motivation. (link)

    Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of educational research, 99(6), 323-338. (link)

    Suhr, D. D. (2006). Exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis?.(link)

    Wood, B. T., Worthington Jr, E. L., Exline, J. J., Yali, A. M., Aten, J. D., & McMinn, M. R. (2010). Development, refinement, and psychometric properties of the Attitudes Toward God Scale (ATGS-9). Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2(3), 148. (link)

    Zarzycka, B., Ciszek, P., & Rykowska, K. (2018). The Polish adaptation of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale: Factorial structure and psychometric properties. Roczniki Psychologiczne21(3), 255-278.(link)