Delay Discounting Test: Development and Evaluation of Psychometric Properties in a Sample of Iranian Children

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Shahid Beheshti University

2 kharazmi University

Abstract

Aim: Delay discounting, as a hot executive function, refers to a tendency toward smaller immediate rewards compered to larger delayed rewards. In the present study we aimed to design a Persian version of delay discounting test and evaluation of its psychometric properties. Method: In the present cross-sectional study, 219 elementary school students were requited with the mean age of 9.72 years (7-12 years), by non- probably sampling. The delay discounting task was conducted on the subjects. This task was repeated in 35 students after 3 weeks. The ANOVA and Pearson correlation test was performed for the assessment of differential validity and test-retest reliability, respectively. Results: There was a significant difference between the educational groups and genders, at the level of p<0.05. The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.71 that represents the test-retest reliability of the delay discounting test. Conclusion: According to the results of this study girls had a better performance in delay discounting than boys and this task is a reliable and valid test for the evaluation of delay discounting in children.

Keywords

References

جبرائیلی، ه.، فعله گری، م.، صیدی، ط. (1399). ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی و ساختار عاملی نسخه فارسی مقیاس سنجش کاهش اهمیت تأخیری. تازه های علوم شناختی. ۲۲ (۲) :۱۲-۲۱.
Ayduk, O., Mendoza-Denton, R., Mischel, W., Downey, G., Peake, P. K., & Rodriguez, M. (2000). Regulating the interpersonal self: strategic self-regulation for coping with rejection sensitivity. Journal of personality and social psychology, 79(5), 776.
Bickel, W. K., & Marsch, L. A. (2001). Toward a behavioral economic understanding of drug dependence: Delay discounting processes. Addiction, 96(1), 73–86.
Casey, B. J., Somerville, L. H., Gotlib, I. H., Ayduk, O., Franklin, N. T., Askren, M. K.,  & Glover, G. (2011). Behavioral and neural correlates of delay of gratification 40 years later. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(36), 14998-15003.
Castellanos-Ryan, N., Struve, M., & Whelan, R. (2014). Neural and cognitive correlates of the common and specific variance across externalizing problems in young adolescence. Am J Psychiatry 171:1310–19.
De Wit, H. (2009). Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: A review of underlying processes. Addiction Biology, 14, 22–31.
Du, W., Green, L., & Myerson, J. (2002). Cross-cultural comparisons of discounting delayed and probabilistic rewards. Psychol. Rec. 52, 479–92.
Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. (2006). Self-discipline gives girls the edge: Gender in self-discipline, grades, and achievement test scores. Journal of educational psychology, 98(1), 198.
Figner, B. Knoch,  D. Johnson, EG., Krosch, AR., Lisanby, SH., & Fehr, E. (2010). Lateralprefrontal cortex and self-control in intertemporal choice, Nat. Neurosci. 13, 538–9.
Frost, R., & McNaughton, N. (2017). The neural basis of delay discounting: a review and preliminary model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 79, 48-65.
Garon, N., Bryson, S. E., & Smith, I. M. (2008). Executive function in preschoolers: A review using an integrative framework. Psychol Bull; 134(1): 31-60.
Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., & Vaituzis, A, C. (2004). Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101(21):8174-9.
Goldstein, S., & Naglieri, J.A. (2013). Handbook of executive functioning. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media.
Göllner, L. M., Ballhausen, N., Kliegel, M., & Forstmeier, S. (2018). Delay of gratification, delay discounting and their associations with age, episodic future thinking, and future time perspective. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 2304.
Green, L., & Myerson, J. (2004). A discounting framework for choice with delayed and probabilistic rewards. Psychological bulletin, 130(5), 769.
IVRYR, . B. (1997) Cerebellar timing systems. International Review of Neurobiology, 4 1, 555-73.
Kable, J. W., & Glimcher, P. W. (2007). The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice. Nature neuroscience, 10(12), 1625.
Kable, J. W., & Glimcher, P. W. (2010). An “as soon as possible” effect in human intertemporal decision making: behavioral evidence and neural mechanisms. Journal of neurophysiology, 103(5), 2513-31.
Kidd, C., Palmeri, H., & Aslin, R. N. (2013). Rational snacking: Young children’s decision-making on the marshmallow task is moderated by beliefs about environmental reliability. Cognition, 126(1), 109-14.
Kirby, K.N., (1997). Bidding on the future: evidence against normative discounting of delayed rewards. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 126, 54–70.
Kirby, K.N., Petry, N.M., & Bickel, W.K. (1999). Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls. Journal of Experimental psychology: general, 128(1): 78.
Lawrence, K. A., Allen, J. S., & Chanen, A. M. (2010). Impulsivity in borderline personality disorder: reward-based decision-making and its relationship to emotional distress. Journal of personality disorders, 24(6), 785-99.
Martínez-Loredo, V., Fernández-Hermida, J. R., Carballo, J. L., & Fernández-Artamendi, S. (2017). Long-term reliability and stability of behavioral measures among adolescents: The Delay Discounting and Stroop tasks. Journal of Adolescence, 58, 33-39.
McClure, S. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science, 306(5695), 503-7.
Mischel, H. N., & Mischel, W. (1983). The Development of Children’s Knowledge of Self-Control Strategies. Child Development, 54(3), 603.
Miyake, A., & Friedman, N. P. (2012). The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: four general conclusions. Curr Dir Psychol Sci; 21(1): 8-14.
Moody, L., Franck, C., Hatz, L., & Bickel, W. K. (2016). Impulsivity and polysubstance use: A systematic comparison of delay discounting in mono, dual-, and trisubstance use.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 24(1), 30.
Myerson, J., Green, L., & Warusawitharana, M. (2001). Area under the curve as a measure of discounting. Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 76(2), 235-43.
Nejati, V., Salehinejad, M. A., & Nitsche, M. A. (2018). Interaction of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (l-DLPFC) and right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in hot and cold executive functions: Evidence from transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Neuroscience, 369, 109-23.
Odum, A. L., Becker, R. J., Haynes, J. M., Galizio, A., Frye, C. C., Downey, H., ... & Perez, D. M. (2020). Delay discounting of different outcomes: review and theory. Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 113(3), 657-79.
Olsen, R., & Cox, C. M. (2001). The influence of gender on the perceptionand response to investment risk: The case of professionalinvestors. Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets,2, 29–36.
Patros, C. H., L. Sweeney, K., Mahone, E. M., Mostofsky, S. H., & Rosch, K. S. (2018). Greater delay discounting among girls, but not boys, with ADHD correlates with cognitive control. Child Neuropsychology, 24(8), 1026-1046.
Peters, J. Büchel,. C. (2011). The neural mechanisms of inter-temporaldecision-making: understanding variability, Trends Cogn. Sci. 15,227–39.
Reynolds, B., & Schiffbauer, R. (2005). Delay of gratification and delay discounting: A unifying feedback model of delay-related impulsive behavior. The Psychological Record, 55(3), 439-60.
Rubia, K., Noorloos, J., Smith, A., Gunning, B., & Sergeant, J. (2003). Motor timing deficits in community and clinical boys with hyperactive behavior: the effect of methylphenidate on motor timing. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 31(3), 301-13.
Rung, J. M., Argyle, T. M., Siri, J. L., & Madden, G. J. (2018). Choosing the right delay-discounting task: Completion times and rates of nonsystematic data. Behavioural processes, 151, 119-25.
Saxler, P. K. (2016). The marshmallow test: delay of gratification and independent rule compliance (Doctoral dissertation).
Silverman, I. W. (2003). Gender differences in delay of gratification: A meta-analysis. Sex roles, 49(9-10), 451-63.
Simpson, C.A., & Vuchinich, R.E. (2000). Reliability of a measure of temporal discounting. Psychological Record,50, 3-16.
Sowell, E. R., Trauner, D. A., Gamst, A., & Jernigan, T. L. (2002). Development of cortical and subcortical brain structures in childhood and adolescence: a structural MRI study. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 44(1), 4-16.
Espinosa-Fernández, L., Miró, E., Cano, M., & Buela-Casal, G. (2003). Age-related changes and gender differences in time estimation. Acta psychologica, 112(3), 221-232.
Steinberg, L., Graham, S., O’Brien, L., Woolard, J., Cauffman, E., & Banich, M. (2009). Age differences in future orientation and delay discounting. Child development, 80(1), 28-44.
Toplak, M. E., & Tannock, R. (2005). Tapping and anticipation performance in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 100(3), 659-75.
Wilson, V. B., Mitchell, S. H., Musser, E. D., Schmitt, C. F., & Nigg, J. T. (2011). Delay discounting of reward in ADHD: application in young children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(3), 256-64.
Zelazo, P. D., & Carlson, S. M. (2012). Hot and cool executive function in childhood and adolescence: Development and plasticity. Child Development Perspectives, 6(4), 354-60.
 
 
Applied Psychology
Volume 14, Issue 4 - Serial Number 56
January 2021
Pages 472-459

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics