The Psychometric Characteristics of Strength‐Based Parenting Scale, Parent Child Version

Document Type : Scientific-research

Authors

1 Ph.D. in Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Strength‐Based Parenting Scale, parent-child version.
 
Method: This correlational study included parents with teenagers aged 12 to 18 and teenagers aged 12 to 18 in Tehran. A total of 196 parents and 213 teenagers were selected using the convenience sampling method. Parents responded to the Strengths-Based Parenting Adult Scale (SBPA) and the Parental Self-Efficacy Scale (PSAM), while adolescents responded to the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire and the Questionnaire of Perceptions of Strengths-Based Parenting (PSBP). To assess the reliability and validity of the questionnaires, internal consistency coefficients, convergent validity, and exploratory factor analysis were utilized.
 
Results: The exploratory factor analysis for the Strength‐Based Parenting Scale of adults revealed three factors: awareness of strengths, support, and encouragement. The significant correlation with parents' self-efficacy (p < 0.001; r = 0.42) indicates convergent validity. The reliability of the scale ranged from 0.65 to 0.89. The exploratory factor analysis for the Questionnaire of Perceptions of Strengths-Based Parenting of teenagers identified three factors: receiving attention and support, recognition, and opportunities. The significant correlation with adolescent psychological well-being (r = 0.16-0.59, p < 0.001) indicates convergent validity. The reliability of the scale ranged from 0.70 to 0.84 over time.
 
Conclusion: Both questionnaires are valid and reliable tools that can be used to assess parent-child interactions with an emphasis on strengths.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Allen, K. A., Waters, l. E., Arslan, G., & Prentice, M. (2022). Strength‐based parenting and stress‐related growth in adolescents: Exploring the role of positive reappraisal, school belonging, and emotional processing during the pandemic, Journal of Adolescence, 1-15.]link
Ardelt, M.& Eccles, J. (2001). Effects of mother’s parental efficacy beliefs and promotive parenting strategies on inner-city youth. Journal of Family Issues, 22(8), 944–972].link [
Donaldson, S., Dollwet, M., & Rao., M. (2015). Happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning revisited: Examining the peer-reviewed literature linked to positive psychology. Journal Positive Psychology, 10, 185–195.]link [
Dumka, L. E., Stoerzinger, H. D., Jackson, K. M., & Roosa, M. W. (1996). Examination of the cross cultural and cross-language equivalence of the parenting self-agency measure, Family Relations, 45(2),216-222.]link [
Eyre, O., and Thapar, A. (2014). Common adolescent mental disorders: transition to adulthood. Lancet, 383, 1366–136].link [
Glatz, T. & Trifan, A. T. (2019). Examination of Parental Self-Efficacy and Their Beliefs About the Outcomes of Their Parenting Practices, Journal of Family, 40(10) 1321 –1345 ]link[
Govindji, R., and Linley, P. A. (2007). Strengths use, self-concordance and wellbeing: implications for strengths coaching and coaching psychologists. International Coaching Psychology Review, 2, 143–153. ]link [
Jack, H. K., Sun, J., Loton, D., Chin, T. C., & Waters, L. E. (2018). Strengths and Subjective Wellbeing in Adolescence: Strength-Based Parenting and the Moderating Effect of Mindset, Journal Happiness Studies, 19, 567–586.]link [
Jones, T. L., & Prinz, R. J. (2005). Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(3), 341–363].link [
Khanjani, M., Shahidi, S., Fathabadi, J., Mazaheri, M. A., & Shokri, O. (2014). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Ryff’s scale of Psychological well-being, short form (18-item) among male and female students. Thoughts and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 9(32), 27-36.]link]
Linley, A., Willars, J., and Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). The Strengths Book: Be Confident, Be Successful, and Enjoy Better Relationships by Realizing the Best of You. Coventry, CV: CAPP.
Loton, D., & Waters, l. E. (2017). The Mediating Effect of Self-Efficacy in the Connections between Strength-Based Parenting, Happiness and Psychological Distress in Teens. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(1707), 1-13. ]link [
Niemiec, R. M., & McGrath, R. E. (2019). The power of character strengths: appreciate and ignite your positive personality, VIA Institute on Character Publish.
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification, Oxford university press.  
Raikes, H. A., & Thompson, R. A. (2005). Efficacy and social support as predictors of parenting stress among families in poverty. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26, 177–190. [link]
Rashid, T., & McGrath, R. (2020). Strengths‐based actions to enhance wellbeing in the time of COVID‐19. International Journal of Wellbeing, 10(4),113–132]. link [
Rusk, R. D., & Waters, L. E. (2013). Tracing the size, reach, impact, and breadth of positive psychology. Journal of Positive Psychology, 8, 207–221.[link]
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081. [link]
Sadeghy, M., Akbari Chermahini, S., Bahrami, A., & Seyed mousavi, P. S. (2022). Effectiveness of Attachment-based Theraplay on Parental Self-Efficacy, Emotion Regulatoin and Social Adjustment in Children with Separation Anxiety: A Case report. Applied Psychology, 16(2), 132-107.]link]
Schwartz, O. S., Sheeber, L. B., Dudgeon, P., and Allen, N. B. (2012). Emotion socialization within the family environment and adolescent depression. Clinical Psychology Review. 32, 447–453.  ]link[
Spreitzer, G., Stephens, J. P., and Sweetman, D. (2009). The reflected best self-field experiment with adolescent leaders: exploring the psychological resources associated with feedback source and valence. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 331–348. [link]
Suldo, S. M., Savage, J. A., and Mercer, S. H. (2014). Increasing middle school students’ life satisfaction: efficacy of a positive psychology group intervention. Journal Happiness Studies. 15, 19–42. [link]
Waters, l. E.  Loton, D.  Jach, H. K. (2019). Does Strength‑Based Parenting Predict Academic Achievement? The Mediating Effects of Perseverance and Engagement. Journal Happiness Studies, 20,1121–1140. [link]
Waters, l. E. (2015). Strength-Based Parenting and life satisfaction in teenagers, Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2(11), 158-173.  ]link[
Waters, l. E., & Sun, J. (2017). Can a Brief Strength-Based Parenting? Intervention Boost Self-Efficacy and Positive Emotions in Parents? International Journal Applied Posit Psychology,1, 41- 56. ]link[
Waters, l. E., Loton, D. j., Grace, D., Jacques-Hamilton, R., and Zyphur M. J (2019). Observing Change Over Time in Strength-Based Parenting and Subjective Wellbeing for Pre-teens and Teens. Frontiers in Psychology, 10:2273. [link]