Predicting Multiple Relationships of Attention, Post-Event Processing and Interpretation (Self Related) with Social Anxiety of Isfahan Students

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Master student of clinical psychology, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan)

2 Assistant Professor Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan)

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the multiple relationships of focus, post-processing and interpretation bias (related to yourself) with social anxiety in students in Isfahan. Methods: research method of the study was descriptive-correlational research design. The statistical population of the study was all of the university students of Isfahan in the 1396-1397 academic year. A sample of 237 students (96 men and 141 women) was randomly selected by simple cluster sampling among the universities in Isfahan. The participants were then asked to answer the questions of the Social Anxiety Questionnaire Kavner et al )2002), the Self-Focused Attention Questionnaire Woody, Cham bless & Glass )1997), the Post-Event Processing Questionnaire (PEPQ), the Revised Questionnaire of Butler et al. (1983).  The descriptive statistics were used for descriptive analysis of data and the multiple regression and internal consistency were used to investigate the testing of the hypotheses. Results:The results indicated that the interpretation bias and post-event processing with 13.4% of the variance could predict the social anxiety. interpretation bias (β=0/24, P<0/01) and post-event processing (β=0/14, P<0/05) They were able to predict social anxiety. Conclusions: Since post-event processing and interpretation bias can be related to social anxiety. Therefore, for predicting and treating students' social anxiety, the mentioned variables can also be targeted and students can be taught ways to deal with social anxiety.

Keywords


بابایی، زهرا (1393). عاطفه مثبت و نقش میانجی توجه متمرکز بر خود و کنترل توجه در پیش‌بینی شدت علائم اضطراب اجتماعی. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی بالینی، دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توان‌بخشی تهران. [پیوند]
حسینی رمقانی، نسرین­السادات.، هادیان فرد،  حبیب.، تقوی سید محمدرضا و افلاک سیر، عبدالعزیز. (2015). مقایسه عملکردهای اجرایی در دانش آموزان دختر مبتلا به اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی و دانش آموزان بهنجار شهر شیراز. مجله پزشکی بالینی ابن سینا (مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی همدان)، ( دوره22، شماره  3)، مسلسل 77 . 247-237.  [پیوند]
خلیلی طرقبه، صائمه.، صالحی فدردی، جواد.، امین یزدی، سید امیر و انصاری، زهره. (1391). تفسیر موقعیت‌های اجتماعی مبهم در اضطراب اجتماعی: کاربرد تکلیف رایانه‌ای سنجش سوگیری تفسیر. مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان، (دوره 20، شماره 3)، 313_301.  [پیوند]
فردوسی، سیما.، بابایی، ز. بهزاد پور، س. (1398). نقش باورهای فراشناختی و راهبردهای کنترل فکر در پیش‌بینی علائم اضطراب اجتماعی در دانشجویان. مجله دانش و پژوهش در روان‌شناسی کاربردی، سال 20، شماره 4، ص 23-15.   [پیوند]
گرجیان، فاطمه و عبداللهی، محمدحسین. (1395). مقایسه‌ی کارکردهای اجرایی و تخمین شناختی و سوگیری تعبیر در افراد دارای اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی و افراد سالم. فصلنامه روان‌شناسی شناختی (دوره 4 ،شماره 3)، 41-50. [پیوند]
 محمدی مصیری، فرهاد.، حاجیلو، نادر و ابوالقاسمی، عباس. (1394). بررسی ارتباط بین سیستم‌های فعال‌ساز و بازداری رفتاری، دشواری در تنظیم هیجانی و کمرویی با اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی در نوجوانان بهنجار. مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهرکرد (دوره 17، شماره 6)، 10-21 [پیوند]
مهدی یار، منصوره.، دادفرنیا، شکوفه.، رحیمی، چنگیز و هادیان فرد، حبیب. (1398). بررسی اثربخشی درمان گروهی عاطفی - عقلانی و درمان گروهی راه حل محور بر اضطراب اجتماعی در دانشجویان دانشگاه شیراز. مجله روانشناسی و روان پزشکی شناخت. (سال ششم، شماره 3) ، 118-128. [پیوند]
 هافمن، استفان، اتو، میشل. (1392). درمان شناختی - رفتاری اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی. ترجمه: مصطفی خانزاده، اسماعیل سلطانی، محسن سعدیان اصل. تهران: انتشارات آوای نور.
هرینگهان ، بی . آر و آلسون ، متیو اچ. )1395 (، « مقدمه ای بر نظریه های یادگیری »، ترجمه علی اکبر سیف. تهران: نشر دوران.
 
Adera, I. M., McLean, C. P., Huppert, J. D., Davidson, J. R., & Foe, E. B. (2013). Fear, avoidance and physiological symptoms during cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 51(7), 352-358. [link]
Asher M., Aderka I.M. (2018). Gender differences in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 74(10):1730–1741. [link]
Bautista, C. L., & Hope, D. A. (2015) .Fear of negative evaluation, social anxiety and response to positive and negative online social cues. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 39(5): 658-668. [link]
Buckne, D. & Dean, K. (2016). Social anxiety and postevent processing among African-American individuals. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping. [link]
Baldwin, DS., Asakura, S., Koyama, T., Hayano, T., Hagino, A., Reines E., & Larsen, K. (2016) Efficacy of escitalopram in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis versus placebo. European Neuropsycho pharmacology, 26(6), 1062-9. [link]
Blackie, R. A & Kocovski, N.L. (2015) Letting go of yesterday: Effect of distraction on post-event processing and anticipatory anxiety in a socially anxious sample. Journal Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. Volume 45, 2016 - Issue 1. [link]
C¸ek, D., Sanchez, A. & Tympana, K.R. (2016) .Social anxiety-linked attentional bias to threat is indirectly related to post event processing via subjective emotional reactivity to social stress. Behavior Therapy, in press. [link]
Chiu, Kenny, David M. Clark, and Eleanor Leigh. (2021). Cognitive predictors of adolescent social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 103801. [link]
Clark D.M., Wells A. (1995).  A cognitive model of social phobia. In: Heimberg G., Liebowitz M.R., Hope D., Scheier F., editors. Social phobia: diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. [link]
Cowart,M.J.W. Ollendick, H. (2011). Attention training in social anxious children: A multiple baseline design analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25,972-977. [link]
Craske MG, Niles AN, Burklund LJ, Wolitzky Taylor KB, Vilardaga JC, Arch JJ, et al. (2014). Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social Phobia: outcomes and moderators. J Consult Clin Psychol. 82(6):1034-48. [link]
Craven, M. (2015). Effects of self-focused attention and fear of evaluation on anxiety and perception of speech performance. Ohio university. [link]
Chen, J., Milne K, Dayman J  and Kemps E. (2018). Interpretation bias and social anxiety: does interpretation bias mediate the relationship between trait social anxiety and state anxiety responses. Journal of Cognition and Emotion. 33(4):630-645 [link]
Dadashzade, H., Yazdandoost. R., Gharayi. B., Asgharnejadfarid, A. (2012). The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and group exposure therapy on the interpretation bias and fear of negative evaluation in social anxiety disorder” Iranian journal of psychiatry and psychology. 18(1): 40-51. (Persian). [link]
de Lijster J.M., Dieleman G.C., Utens E.M.W.J., Dierckx B., Wierenga M., Verhulst F.C. (2018 .(Social and academic functioning in adolescents with anxiety disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders. 230:108–117. [link]
Ghazwani JY, Khalil SN, Ahmed RA. (2016). Social anxiety disorder in Saudi adolescent boys: Prevalence, subtypes, and parenting style as a risk factor. JFCM 2016;23(1):25-31. [link]
Hafmann, S. G. (2010). Advances in the research of social anxiety and its disorder a nxiety. Anxiety, Stress, & coping .23(3), 239- 242. [link]
Hudson, J. L., Rapee, R. M., Lyneham, H. J., McLellan, L. F., Wuthrich, V. M., &Schniering, C. A. (2015). Comparing outcomes for children with different anxiety disorders following cognitive behavioural therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 72, 30-37 [link]
Heimberg RG, Hofmann SG, Liebowitz MR, Schneier FR, Smits JA, Stein MB, et al. (2014). Social anxiety disorder in DSM-5.  Journal of Depression and anxiety. 31(6):472-9. [link]
Katz. D. Cassin S, Weerasinghe. R, Rector. N. (2019). Changes in post-event processing during cognitive behavioural therapy for social anxiety disorder: A longitudinal analysis using post-session measurement and experience sampling methodology. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 66. 102107. [link]
Lee, J. E. J. (2012). Personality and cultural determinants of social anxiety in Asian Americans. Ph.D. dissertation, Washington state university”. UMI dissertation publishing, ProQuest. [link]
Lievaart M, van der Haiden C, Graerts E. (2013). Associations between Depressive Symptoms, Rumination, Over general Autobiographical Memory and Interpretation Bias within a Clinically Depressed Sample. J Psyche Psych other. 7: 554. [link]
Mobini S .(2010).  Effects of cognitive bias modification and computer aided cognitive behavior therapy on modifying attentional and interpretative biases and anticipatory social anxiety.  PhD Thesis. Norfolk, UK : University of East Anglia. [link]
Quincy J.J. Wong, Peter M. McEvoy, Ronald M. Rapee. (2019) .Repetitive Thinking in Social Anxiety Disorder: Are Anticipatory Processing and Post-Event Processing Facets of an Underlying Unidimensional Construct? Behavior Therapy, Volume 50 Issue 3 (Pages: 571-581). [link]
Reghuram R, Mathias J. (2014). A study on occurrence of social anxiety among nursing students and its correlation with professional adjustment in selected nursing institutions at Mangalore. Nitti University. Journal of Health Science. 4 (2)64-9. [link]
Taylor, J. H., Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Coughlin, C., Mulqueen, J., Johnson, J.  A., Gabriel, D. &Bloch, M. H. (2018). Ketamine for social anxiety disorder: Arandomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial” Neuropsychopharmacology. 43(2): 1-9. [link]
Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007).Using multivariate statistics (5th edn).Boston: Pearson Education. [link]
Tomita . N, Imai, SH . Kanayama . Y, and Kumano. H. (2019). Relationships Between Cortically Mediated Attentional Dysfunctionand Social Anxiety,Self-Focused Attention,and External AttentionBias.  Journal of Perceptual and Motor Skills. 126(6):1101-1116 [link].
 von Glischinski M, Willutzki U, Stangier U, Hiller W, Hoyer J, Leibing E, et al. (2018).Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS): Optimal cut points for remission and response in a German sample”. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy. 25(3):465-73. [link]
Wells, A., & Papageorgiou, C. (1998). Social phobia: Effect of external attention on anxiety, negative beliefs and perspective taking. Behavior Therapy, 29,357-370. [ link]
Zou, J. B., & Abbott, M. J. (2012). Self-perception and rumination in social anxiety”. Behavior research and therapy, 50(4), 250-257. [link]