باور به دنیای خطرناک و تجربۀ هیجانات در دوران همه‌گیری کرونا: نقش میانجی باورهای توطئه و اعتماد به مرجع قدرت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

2 گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

10.48308/apsy.2023.232763.1528

چکیده

هدف: باور به دنیای خطرناک باوری پایدار مبنی بر تهدیدآمیز بودن جهان است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر آزمودن نقش این باور در تعیین تجربۀ هیجانات در بافت همه­گیری کووید-19 به میانجی­گری باورهای توطئه و اعتماد به ستاد مقابله با کرونا به عنوان مرجع قدرتِ مرتبط با این بافت بود. روش: شرکت­کنندگان در این پژوهش همبستگی 431 نفر (71% زن، میانگین سنی 7/33 سال) بودند که به مقیاس باور به دنیای خطرناک، باورهای توطئه پیرامون کرونا، اعتماد به ستاد مقابله با کرونا و مقیاس هیجانات مثبت و منفی پاسخ دادند. برای آزمودن نقش باور به دنیای خطرناک در پیش­بینی هیجانات به میانجی­گری باورهای توطئه و اعتماد به ستاد مقابله با کرونا از مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری استفاده شد. یافته­ها: آلفای کرونباخ مقیاس باور به دنیای خطرناک مطلوب (80/0) بود و حذف گویۀ نهم به دلیل بار عاملی ضعیف در تحلیل عاملی تأییدی پیشنهاد شد. باور به دنیای خطرناک تجربۀ هیجانات مثبت را به طور منفی اما هیجانات منفی را به طور مثبت پیش­بینی نمود (05/0 > ps). باورهای توطئه پیرامون کرونا و اعتماد به ستاد مقابله با کرونا رابطۀ بین باور به دنیای خطرناک و هیجانات منفی (05/0 > p) اما نه مثبت را میانجی­گری کردند. نتیجه­گیری: رابطۀ باور به دنیای خطرناک با ادراکات و هیجانات پیرامون کرونا مطابق انتظار بود، اما سهم بیشتری از تجربۀ هیجانات منفی نسبت به مثبت پیش­بینی شد که بیانگر در کار بودن سازوکارهای متفاوتی برای تبیین اثرپذیری هیجانات مثبت از این باور است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Belief in a Dangerous World and Emotions During COVID-19 Pandemic: the Mediating Role of Conspiracy Beliefs and Trust In Authority

نویسندگان [English]

  • Pegah Nejat 1
  • Ahmad Asgarizadeh 2
  • Maryam Vafaei Sefti 1
  • Sareh Rezazadeh Mirsadeghi 1
1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Aim: Belief in a dangerous world (BDW) is a chronic belief that the world is threatening. The purpose of this study was to test the role of this belief in determining experience of emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic as mediated by conspiracy beliefs and trust in the COVID-19 management committee as the authority figure associated with this context. Method: Participants in this correlational study were 431 individuals (71% female, mean age 33.7 years) who responded to the BDW scale, COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, trust in the COVID-19 management committee, and experience of positive and negative emotions. Structural equation modeling was used to test for the role of BDW in predicting positive and negative emotions as mediated by conspiracy beliefs and trust in the COVID-19 management committee. Results: The Cronbach alpha for the BDW scale was satisfactory (.80), and excluding the ninth item due to weak factor loading in confirmatory factor analysis was suggested. BDW predicted positive emotions in a negative, but negative emotions in a positive direction (p < .05). COVID conspiracy beliefs and trust in the COVID management committee mediated the relationship between BDW and negative emotions (p < .05) but not positive emotions. Conclusion: The relationship between BDW and perceptions and emotions regarding COVID supported expectations. However, a bigger proportion of negative than positive emotions was predicted which indicates the contribution of different mechanisms in explaining the effect of this belief on positive emotions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Belief In A Dangerous World (BDW)
  • Conspiracy Beliefs
  • COVID-19
  • Emotions
  • Trust In Authority
بهارلو, حوریه، صباحی، پرویز، و رفیعی­نیا، پروین. (1396). مقایسۀ سبکهای اسناد و باور به دنیای عادلانه بین افراد روانرنجورگرا، برونگرا و عادی. پژوهش­های علوم شناختی و رفتاری، (1)7، 50-35. ]پیوند[
ره­پرداز, فاطمه، و شیرازی، محمود (1395). نقش باور به دنیای عادلانه در پیش‌بینی رضایت از زندگی دانشجویان دختر دانشگاه سیستان و بلو‌چستان. مطالعات روان‌شناسی تربیتی، (24)13، 52-39. ]پیوند[
صادقی­نژاد, سعیده، بختیارپور، سعید، حیدری، علیرضا.، و مکوندی، بهنام (1398). تأثیر بازآموزی اسنادی بر افسردگی دانش­آموزان دوره ابتدایی. مجله روان‌شناسی اجتماعی، (52)13، 100-89. ]پیوند[
نجات, پگاه، رضوان­دل رمزی، فاطمه، و یالپانیان، فاطمه (1400). مروری بر نظریات توطئه در ارتباط با کووید-19 و پیش­بین­ها و پیامدهای روانشناختی باور به آنها. رویش روان‌شناسی، (7)10، 212-199. ]پیوند[
Ahn, J., Kim, H. K., Kahlor, L. A., Atkinson, L., & Noh, G.-Y. (2021). The impact of emotion and government trust on individuals’ risk information seeking and avoidance during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-country comparison. Journal of Health Communication, 26(10), 728–741. [Link]
Altemeyer, B. (1988). Enemies of freedom: Understanding right-wing authoritarianism. Jossey-Bass. [Link]
Bangerter, A., Krings, F., Mouton, A., Gilles, I., Green, E. G., and Clémence, A. (2012). Longitudinal investigation of public trust in institutions relative to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in Switzerland. PLoS One, 7(11), e49806. [Link]
Barrafrem, K., Tinghög, G., & Västfjäll, D. (2021). Trust in the government increases financial well-being and general well-being during COVID-19. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance31. [Link]
Beck, A. T. (2005). The current state of cognitive therapy: A 40-year retrospective. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(9), 953-959. [Link]
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. P., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. Guilford Press. [Link]
Birdir, E., Sayılan, G., Cingöz-Ulu, B., & Adams, G. (2022). Ideological orientations and generalized prejudice in Turkey: Adapting the dual process motivational model. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 90, 21-37. [Link]
Bowlby, J. (1979). The bowlby-ainsworth attachment theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2(4), 637-638.
Brun, C., Zerhouni, O., Houtin, L., Akinyemi, A., Aimé-Jubin, C., Boudesseul, J., & Pinsault, N. (2022). High stress evels and trust toward the government are associated with more positive attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines among French students: A pilot study. Vaccines, 10(9), 1377. [Link]
Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd ed.). Routledge. [Link]
Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (1994). Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space: A critical review, with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates. Psychological Bulletin, 115(3), 401–423. [Link]
Clifton, J. D. W. (2020). Leveraging the first comprehensive measure of primal world beliefs to further discussions in political, developmental, and positive psychology [Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania]. [Link]
Clifton, J. D. W., Baker, J. D., Park, C. L., Yaden, D. B., Clifton, A. B. W., Terni, P., Miller, J. L., Zeng, G., Giorgi, S., Schwartz, H. A., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2019). Primal world beliefs. Psychological Assessment, 31(1), 82–99. [Link]
Clifton, J. D., & Meindl, P. (2022). Parents think—incorrectly—that teaching their children that the world is a bad place is likely best for them. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 17(2), 182-197. [Link]
Cook, C. L., Li, Y. J., Newell, S. M., Cottrell, C. A., & Neel, R. (2016). The world is a scary place: Individual differences in belief in a dangerous world predict specific intergroup prejudices. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 21(4), 584-596. [Link]
Cummings, L. (2014). The “trust” heuristic: Arguments from authority in public health. Health Communication, 29(10), 1043–1056. [Link]
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi. D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2009). New measures of well-being: Short Scales to Assess Flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 39, 247-266. [Link]
Dong, Y., & Peng, C.-Y. J. (2013). Principled missing data methods for researchers. SpringerPlus, 2(1), 222-222. [Link]
Douglas, K. M., Uscinski, J. E., Sutton, R. M., Cichocka, A., Nefes, T., Ang, C. S., & Deravi, F. (2019). Understanding conspiracy theories. Political Psychology, 40, 3-35. [Link]
Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 33, pp. 41–113). Academic Press. [Link]
Duckitt, J., Wagner, C., du Plessis, I., & Birum, I. (2002). The psychological bases of ideology and prejudice: Testing a dual process model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 75–93. [Link]
Eicher, V., Clemence, A., Bangerter, A., Mouton, A., Green, E. G., & Gilles, I. (2014). Fundamental beliefs, origin explanations and perceived effectiveness of protection measures: Exploring laypersons' chains of reasoning about influenza. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 24(5), 359-375. [Link]
Finucane, M. L., Alhakami, A., Slovic, P., & Johnson, S. M. (2000). The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 13(1), 1–17. [Link]
Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (2013). Social cognition: From brains to culture. Sage.
Franks, B., Bangerter, A., & Bauer, M. W. (2013). Conspiracy theories as quasi-religious mentality: An integrated account from cognitive science, social representations theory, and frame theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 4. [Link]
Freeman, D., Waite, F., Rosebrock, L., Petit, A., Causier, C., East, A., Jenner, L., Teale, A.-L., Carr, L., Mulhall, S., Bold, E., & Lambe, S. (2020). Coronavirus conspiracy beliefs, mistrust, and compliance with government guidelines in England. Psychological Medicine, 52(2), 1–30. [Link]
Goldstein, M. D., & Strube, M. J. (1994). Independence revisited: The relation between positive and negative affect in a naturalistic setting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(1), 57–64. [Link]
Gotanda, H., Miyawaki, A., Tabuchi, T., & Tsugawa, Y. (2021). Association between trust in government and practice of preventive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Journal of general internal medicine, 36(11), 3471-3477. [Link]
Griffin, R. J., Yang, Z. J., Ter Huurne, E., Boerner, F., Ortiz, S., & Dunwoody, S. (2008). After the flood: Anger, attribution, and the seeking of information. Science Communication, 29(3), 285–315. [Link]
Gulevich, O. A., & Sarieva, I. R. (2020). Social beliefs, political trust and readiness to participate in political actions: Comparison of Russia and Ukraine. Social Psychology and Society, 11(2), 74-92. [Link]
Hart, J., & Graether, M. (2018). Something’s going on here: Psychological predictors of belief in conspiracy theories. Journal of Individual Differences, 39(4), 229–237. [Link]
Kergall, P., & Guillon, M. (2022). Lockdown support, trust and COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs: Insights from the second national lockdown in France. Health Policy, 126(11), 1103-1109. [Link]   
Kim, H.-Y. (2013). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restor Dent Endod, 38(1), 52-54. [Link]
Kim, S., & Kim, S. (2021). Searching for general model of conspiracy theories and its implication for public health policy: Analysis of the impacts of political, psychological, structural factors on conspiracy beliefs about the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 266. [Link]
Landrum, A. R., & Olshansky, A. (2019). The role of conspiracy mentality in denial of science and susceptibility to viral deception about science. Politics and the Life Sciences, 38(2), 193–209. [Link]
Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G. C., & Guarino A. J. (2016). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications. [Link]
Mirowska, A., Chiu, R. B., & Hackett, R. D. (2022). The allure of tyrannical leaders: Moral foundations, belief in a dangerous world, and follower gender. Journal of Business Ethics, 181(2), 355-374. [Link]
Morin, A. J. S., Myers, N. D., & Lee, S. (2020). Modern Factor Analytic Techniques. In Handbook of Sport Psychology (pp. 1044-1073). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119568124.ch51
Moscovici, S. (2000). Social representations: Explorations in social psychology. Polity Press. [Link]
Navarrete, C. D. (2005). Death concerns and other adaptive challenges: The effects of coalition-relevant challenges on worldview defense in the US and Costa Rica. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8(4), 411-427. [Link]
Páez, D., Martínez-Sánchez, F., Mendiburo, A., Bobowik, M., & Sevillano, V. (2013). Affect regulation strategies and perceived emotional adjustment for negative and positive affect: A study on anger, sadness and joy. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(3), 249-262. [Link]
Pellegrini, V., Leone, L., & Giacomantonio, M. (2019). Dataset about populist attitudes, social world views, socio-political dispositions, conspiracy beliefs, and anti-immigration attitudes in an Italian sample. Data in brief, 25, 104144. [Link]
Pellegrini, V., Salvati, M., De Cristofaro, V., Giacomantonio, M., & Leone, L. (2022). Psychological bases of anti‐immigration attitudes among populist voters. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. [Link]
Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental Health and the COVID-19 Pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(6), 510–512. [Link]
Poortinga, W., & Pidgeon, N. F. (2003). Exploring the dimensionality of trust in risk regulation. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 23(5), 961–972. [Link]
Sayılan, G. (2018). Worldviews and ideological orientation: An Integration of Polarity Theory, Dual Process Model, and Moral Foundations Theory [Doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University]. [Link]
Spinney, L. (2017). Pale rider: The Spanish flu of 1918 and how it changed the world. Public Affairs. [Link]
Stahlmann, A. G., Hofmann, J., Ruch, W., Heintz, S., & Clifton, J. D. W. (2020). The higher-order structure of primal world beliefs in German-speaking countries: Adaptation and initial validation of the German Primals Inventory (PI-66-G). Personality and Individual Differences, 163. [Link]  
Stroebe, W., Leander, N. P., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2017). Is it a dangerous world out there? The motivational bases of American gun ownership. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(8), 1071–1085. [Link]  
Stroebe, W., Leander, N. P., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2017). Is It a Dangerous World Out There? The Motivational Bases of American Gun Ownership. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(8), 1071–1085. [Link]
Thompson, E. R. (2007). Development and validation of an internationally reliable short-form of the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS). Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 38(2), 227-242. [Link]
Tyler, T. R., & Degoey, P. (1995). Collective restraint in social dilemmas: Procedural justice and social identification effects on support for authorities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(3), 482–497. [Link]
Uscinski, J. E., Enders, A. M., Klofstad, C., Seelig, M., Funchion, J., Everett, C., ... & Murthi, M. (2020). Why do people believe COVID-19 conspiracy theories? Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(3). [Link]
van der Eijk, C., & Rose, J. (2015). Risky business: Factor analysis of survey data – Assessing the probability of incorrect dimensionalisation. PLOS ONE, 10(3), e0118900. [Link]
Van Oost, P., Yzerbyt, V., Schmitz, M., Vansteenkiste, M., Luminet, O., Morbée, S., ... & Klein, O. (2022). The relation between conspiracism, government trust, and COVID-19 vaccination intentions: The key role of motivation. Social Science & Medicine301, 114926. [Link]
Van Prooijen, J. W., & Douglas, K. M. (2018). Belief in conspiracy theories: Basic principles of an emerging research domain. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(7), 897-908. [Link]
van Prooijen, J.-W., & Acker, M. (2015). The influence of control on belief in conspiracy theories: Conceptual and applied extensions. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29(5), 753–761. [Link]
Viinikainen, M., Jääskeläinen, I. P., Alexandrov, Y., Balk, M. H., Autti, T., & Sams, M. (2010). Nonlinear relationship between emotional valence and brain activity: evidence of separate negative and positive valence dimensions. Human Brain Mapping, 31(7), 1030–1040. [Link]
Wardman, J. K., & Mythen, G. (2016). Risk communication: Against the Gods or against all odds? Problems and prospects of accounting for Black Swans. Journal of Risk Research, 19(10), 1220–1230. [Link]
Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of Black Psychology, 44(3), 219-246. [Link]  
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 219–235. [Link]
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. [Link] 
World Health Organization. (2020, March 11). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. [Link]