فصلنامه روان‌شناسی کاربردی

فصلنامه روان‌شناسی کاربردی

تدوین برنامة آموزش مهارت‌های زندگی طرحواره‌محور و تاثیر آن بر تنهایی، تاب‌آوری، انزوای اجتماعی و هدفمندی زندگی در مردان بازنشسته‌

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
علیرضا نیک اختر 1
احمد برجعلی 2
زهره رافضی 3
ابوالقاسم عیسی مراد 3
محمد عسگری 4
1 دانشجوی دکتری روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.
2 استاد گروه روان‌شناسی بالینی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.
3 دانشیار گروه روان‌شناسی بالینی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.
4 استاد گروه سنجش و اندازه‌گیری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.
10.48308/apsy.2026.242476.1934
چکیده
هدف: هدف این پژوهش، تدوین و بررسی اثربخشی برنامه آموزش مهارت‌های زندگی غیرشناختی خوش‌بینی، وجدان‌گرایی، حس کنترل، ثبات هیجانی و استقامت مبتنی بر رویکرد طرحواره‌ها بر تنهایی، تاب‌آوری روانی، انزوای اجتماعی و هدفمندی زندگی در مردان بازنشسته بود.
روش: پژوهش به روش آمیخته انجام‌گرفت؛ در بخش کیفی محتوای جلسات با استفاده از منابع و نظر متخصصان تهیه شد و در بخش کمی، طرح آمیخته با اندازه‌گیری مکرر به‌کار‌گرفته‌شد. جامعه پژوهش شامل 700000 مرد 50 تا ۷۵ سال عضو کانون بازنشستگان شهر تهران در بهمن و اسفند سال 1403 بود که از میان آن‌ها ۳۴ نفر بر اساس GPower با روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند از کانون‌های بازنشستگی شهر تهران انتخاب شده و به‌صورت تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل قرار‌گرفتند. پژوهش بهار سال 1404 انجام‌شد. ابزارهای پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه‌های تاب‌آوری (راسل، پپلاو و کوترونا، 1980)، تنهایی (کانر و دیویدسون، 2003)، انزوای اجتماعی (نیکلسون، فین، کسی و دیکسون، 2020) و هدفمندی در زندگی (کرومباخ و ماهولیک،1964) بودند. داده‌ها با استفاده از تحلیل واریانس چندمتغیری مختلط با اندازه‌گیری مکرر بررسی‌شدند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان‌داد آموزش مهارت‌های زندگی مبتنی‌بر طرحواره‌ها باعث افزایش تاب‌آوری (p = 0/001) و هدفمندی زندگی (p < 0/001) و کاهش تنهایی (p = 0/002) در شرکت‌کنندگان در پس‌آزمون می‌شود، اما بر انزوای اجتماعی تأثیر معناداری ندارد. این موارد در رابطه با دوره پیگیری برقراربودند.
نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که این برنامه آموزشی می‌تواند به عنوان روشی مؤثر برای ارتقای بهزیستی روانی و سازگاری در دوران بازنشستگی استفاده شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
بازنشستگی
تاب‌آوری
تنهایی
طرح‌واره‌ها
غیرشناختی
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Developing Schema-Informed Life Skills Training Program and Its Impact on Loneliness, Resilience, Social Isolation, and Life Purpose among Retired Men

نویسندگان English

Alireza Nikakhtar 1
Ahmad Borjali 2
Zohreh Rafezi 3
Abolghasem Isamorad 3
Mohammad Asgari 4
1 Ph.D. Candidate in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.
3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.
4 Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده English

Aim: This study aimed to develop a schema-informed life skills training program and examine its effectiveness in improving resilience, purpose in life, loneliness, and social isolation among retired men.

Method: A mixed-methods design was employed. In the qualitative phase, the training program was developed using theoretical literature and expert consultation. In the quantitative phase, a mixed repeated-measures design was used. The statistical population consisted of approximately 700,000 retired men aged 50–75 years who were members of retirement associations in Tehran during spring 2025. Based on G*Power calculations, 34 participants were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Measures included the Resilience Scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale, Social Isolation Scale, and Purpose in Life Scale. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance.

Results: The intervention significantly increased resilience (p = 0.001) and purpose in life (p < 0.001), while significantly reducing loneliness (p = 0.002). However, no significant change was observed in social isolation. The effects remained stable at follow-up assessment.

Conclusion: The schema-informed life skills training program effectively enhanced several dimensions of psychological well-being in retired men. The program may serve as a useful intervention for promoting adjustment, resilience, and meaning in life during retirement.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Loneliness
Noncognitive
Purpose
Retirement
Alavi, Z., Alipour, F., & Rafiey, H. (2021). Psychosocial issues ‌of retirement in Iran: ‌A qualitative study. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 15(4), 396-409. {Link}
Atchley, R. C. (1975). Adjustment to loss of job at retirement. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 6(1), 17-27. {Link}
Bozorgmehri, K., Golparvar, M., & Nouri, A. A. (2008). Assessment of the beginning to retirement syndrome in Esfahan city. {Link}
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2010). Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. Psychology and aging, 25(2), 453.  {Link}
Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and aging, 21(1), 140. {Link}
Cacioppo, J. T., Norris, C. J., Decety, J., Monteleone, G., & Nusbaum, H. (2009). In the eye of the beholder: individual differences in perceived social isolation predict regional brain activation to social stimuli. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 21(1), 83-92.  {Link}
Campbell-Sills, L., Cohan, S. L., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour research and therapy, 44(4), 585-599. {Link}
Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Moffitt, T. E., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2006). Socially isolated children 20 years later: risk of cardiovascular disease. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 160(8), 805-811. {Link}
Chandelkar, S., & Shetty, V. (2019). Resilience, emotional stability and perceived stress among 10th graders. Indian Journal of Mental Health, 6(2), 203-207. {Link}
Cheraghi, M., Oreyzi, S. S. H. R., & Faraahani, H. A. (2009). Reliability, validity, factor analysis and normalization of the Crumbaugh and Maholick’s questionnaire of purpose-in-life.  {Link}
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and anxiety, 18(2), 76-82.  {Link}
Crumbaugh, J. C., & Maholick, L. T. (1964). An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometric approach to Frankl's concept of noogenic neurosis. Journal of clinical psychology, 20(2). {Link}
da Silva-Sauer, L., Basso Garcia, R., Pereira da Silva, T. M., Barbosa de Melo, C., & Fernández-Calvo, B. (2021). Relationship between psychological resilience, perceived stress, depression, and physical health in community-dwelling older adults. Psychology & Neuroscience, 14(2), 132. {Link}
Dehghani, B., Dashtban, F. M., Khoshnoodi, A., & Alinejad, M. M. (2020). The effects of population aging on the future of Iran's Pension System.  {Link}
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior research methods, 41(4), 1149-1160.  {Link}
Fazelei, M. (2016). The Effect of Training in Self-Awareness and Emotional Management Skills on Increasing the Resilience and Happiness of Female Household Heads Asghar Jafari, Seyed Majid Hosseini, Mitra Fazeli Received: 12/7/2017 Accepted: 23/4/2018. Journal of Social Work Research, 3(8), 41-76.   {Link}
Ferguson, S. J., & Goodwin, A. D. (2010). Optimism and well-being in older adults: The mediating role of social support and perceived control. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 71(1), 43-68. {Link}
Fujiwara, Y., Sakuma, N., Ohba, H., Nishi, M., Lee, S., Watanabe, N., Kousa, Y., Yoshida, H., Fukaya, T., & Yajima, S. (2009). REPRINTS: effects of an intergenerational health promotion program for older adults in Japan. Journal of Intergenerational relationships, 7(1), 17-39.  {Link}
Heisel, M. J., Moore, S. L., Flett, G. L., Norman, R. M. G., Links, P. S., Eynan, R., O’Rourke, N., Sarma, S., Fairlie, P., & Wilson, K. (2020). Meaning-centered men’s groups: Initial findings of an intervention to enhance resiliency and reduce suicide risk in men facing retirement. Clinical Gerontologist, 43(1), 76-94.  {Link}
Herts, K. L., & Evans, S. (2021). Schema therapy for chronic depression associated with childhood trauma: A case study. Clinical Case Studies, 20(1), 22-38.  {Link}
Hoang, P., King, J. A., Moore, S., Moore, K., Reich, K., Sidhu, H., Tan, C. V., Whaley, C., & McMillan, J. (2022). Interventions associated with reduced loneliness and social isolation in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 5(10), e2236676-e2236676. {Link}
Hosseini, Z., & Khorshidi, A. The effect of life skills application on performance of education principals.
Kniesner, T. J., & ter Weel, B. (2010). Noncognitive Skills and Their Development: Special Issue of Journal of Human Resources 43: 4 (Fall 2008) (Vol. 43). Univ of Wisconsin Press.  {Link}
Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors and processes contributing to resilience: The resilience framework. In Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations (pp. 179-224). Springer.  {Link}
Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology, 28 (4)  {Link}
Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and psychopathology, 2(4), 425-444.  {Link}
Moatamedi, A., & Falsafinejad, M. (2020). Validation and the Effectiveness of Life Skills Training (Self-awareness, Coping with Stress, Empathy) based on Native Culture on Happiness and Resilience of Divorced Women. Journal of Counseling Research, 19(74), 62-90. {Link}
Mohammd, S., Asgari, P., Makvandi, B., & Naderi, F. (2022). The effect of schema therapy on cognitive avoidance, anxiety, and empathy in couples referring to ahvaz counseling centers. Family and Health, 11(4), 58-69. {Link}
Mohammadi, M., Jazayeri, A. R., Rafie, A. H., Joukar, B., & Pourshahbaz, A. (2006). Resilience factors in individuals at risk for substance abuse. {Link}
Mohammadi, H., Sepehri Shamlou, Z., & Asghari Ebrahim Abad, M. J. (2019). The effectiveness of Group Emotional Schema Therapy on decreasing loneliness and rumination in divorced women. Journal of Woman and Family Studies, 7(2), 115-136.
Moradi, S. A. (2023). Ketab-e Amuzesh-e Maharat-e Zendegi be Sheive-ye Tarhvareh Darmani [Life skills training book through schema therapy method] (1st ed., Vol. 1). Noorozi Publications. (Original work published 1402)  {Link}
Naderi, F., & Haghshenas, F. (2009). The relationship between impulsivity, loneliness and the mobile phone usage rate in male and female students of Ahvaz Islamic Azad University. {Link}
Niyazova, A., & Madaliyeva, Z. (2022). Impact of resilience on psychological well-being. Journal of Intellectual Disability‐Diagnosis and Treatment, 10(4), 178-186.  {Link}
Nicholson Jr, N. R., Feinn, R., Casey, E., & Dixon, J. (2020). Psychometric evaluation of the social isolation scale in older adults. The Gerontologist, 60(7), e491-e501.  {Link}
Ojaghloo, S., Ghodrati, S., & Tahaei, S. S. (2022). The effectiveness of schema therapy on feelings of loneliness and emotional distress of conflicting couples. A new approach to children's education quarterly, 4(3), 109-122. {Link}
Organization, W. H. (1999). Partners in life skills education. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health.  {Link}
Owen, S., McGilloway, S., & Murphy, J. (2019). Supporting the development of wellbeing and resilience in schools: The role of non-cognitive skills. IRISH TEACHERS’JOURNAL, 7.(1) {Link}
Pathak, R., & Lata, S. (2018). Optimism in relation to resilience and perceived stress. Journal of Psychosocial Research, 13(2), 359-367.  {Link}
Pillai, R. (2012). The importance of life skills education for children and adolescents. Souvenir-cum-Scientific, ABSCON, 21-24. {Link}
Pinquart, M. (2002). Creating and maintaining purpose in life in old age: A meta-analysis. Ageing international, 27(2), 90-114.  {Link}
Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S. (2001). Influences on loneliness in older adults: A meta-analysis. Basic and applied social psychology, 23(4), 245-266.  {Link}
Rahatdahmarde, T., Shirazi, M., & Arab, A. (2023). The effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on the tolerance and distress of mothers with mentally retarded students. medical journal of mashhad university of medical sciences, 66(3). {Link}
Rahbar Karbasdehi, F., Abolghasemi, A., & Rahbar Karbasdehi, E. (2020). The effectiveness of schema therapy on psychological resilience and social empowerment in students with depression symptoms. Journal of psychological studies, 15(4), 73-90. {Link}
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of personality and social psychology, 39(3), 472.  {Link}
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 57(6), 1069. {Link}
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of personality and social psychology, 69(4), 719. {Link}
Sagone, E., De Caroli, M. E., Falanga, R., & Indiana, M. L. (2020). Resilience and perceived self-efficacy in life skills from early to late adolescence. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 882-890  {Link]
Salehi, S. N., Eftekhar, S. Z., Hafezi, F., & Borna, M. (2021). Effects of emotion regulation skills training on self-efficacy, resilience, and hope in female students with nonclinical depression. {Link}
Shane, P. A., Ferguson, A. T., & Woodhead, E. L. (2025). Evaluation of a community-based socialization program for independently living older adults. Educational Gerontology, 1-12. {Link}
Singh, R., & Singh, S. P. (2022). Cognitive And Non-Cognitive Skills: Meaning, Nature, Types And Uses In Daily Life. Webology, 19 .(4) {Link}
Sodani, M., Shogaeyan, M., & Neysi, A. (2012). The effect of group logo-therapy on loneliness in retired men. Research in Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, 2(1), 43-54. {Link}
Steptoe, A., & Jackson, S. E. (2018). The life skills of older Americans: association with economic, psychological, social, and health outcomes. Scientific reports, 8(1), 9669.  {Link}
Steptoe, A., & Jackson, S. E. (2020). Association of noncognitive life skills with mortality at middle and older ages in England. JAMA Network Open, 3(5), e204808-e204808.  {Link}
Steptoe, A., & Wardle, J. (2017). Life skills, wealth, health, and wellbeing in later life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(17), 4354-4359.  {Link}
Taghvaienia, A., & Alamdari, N. (2020). Effect of positive psychotherapy on psychological well-being, happiness, life expectancy and depression among retired teachers with depression: A randomized controlled trial. Community mental health journal, 56(2), 229-237. {Link}
Vannieuwenborg, L., Buntinx, F., & De Lepeleire, J. (2015). Presenting prevalence and management of psychosocial problems in primary care in Flanders. Archives of public health, 73(1), 10.  {Link}
Wilson, R. S., Krueger, K. R., Arnold, S. E., Schneider, J. A., Kelly, J. F., Barnes, L. L., ... & Bennett, D. A. (2007). Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Archives of general psychiatry, 64(2), 234-240. {Link}
Yang, C., Zhou, Y., Cao, Q., Xia, M., & An, J. (2019). The relationship between self-control and self-efficacy among patients with substance use disorders: resilience and self-esteem as mediators. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10, 388  {Link}
Yin, Z., Sun, M., & Wang, Y. (2019). Optimism brings meaning of life to college students: partial mediation effect of well-being. Adv. Psychol, 5, 904-910.  {Link}
Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2006). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. guilford press.  {Link}
Zarinkolah, F., Sadeghi, S., & Salehi, M. (2018). The effectiveness of group-based counseling based on schema therapy on early maladaptive schemes. Journal of Pouyesh in Education and Consultation (JPEC), 1396(7), 2-14. {Link}