فصلنامه روان‌شناسی کاربردی

فصلنامه روان‌شناسی کاربردی

بررسی رابطه علی تروماهای دوران کودکی بر شدت اضطراب فراگیر: نقش میانجی‌ دشواری تنظیم هیجان و باورهای خود انتقادی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
زهرا ایزدپناه 1
سیده مریم مشیریان فراحی 2
میلاد شیرخانی 3
1 کارشناسی ‌ارشد روانشناسی عمومی، گروه روان شناسی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام رضا (ع)، مشهد، ایران
2 استادیار گروه روان شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام رضا (ع)، مشهد، ایران
3 دانشجوی دکتری روانشناسی شناختی، گروه روان شناسی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران
10.48308/apsy.2025.241649.1907
چکیده
هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی رابطۀ تجارب تروماتیک دوران کودکی بر شدت اضطراب فراگیر و نقش میانجی دشواری تنظیم هیجان و باورهای خود انتقادی انجام شد.
 روش: روش توصیفی از نوع همبستگی بود. نمونه شامل 250 نفر از مراجعه کنندگان به مراکز مشاوره دانشگاه‌های غیرانتفاعی در سنین  ۱۸ تا 60 سال مشهد در سال ۱۴۰۳ بود که به صورت داوطلبانه انتخاب شدند. داده‌ها به کمک پرسش‌نامه اضطراب فراگیر (اسپیتزر و همکاران، ۲۰۰6)، تجارب تروماتیک دوران کودکی (برنستاین و همکاران، ۲۰۰۳)، خودانتقادی (تامپسون و زوروف، 2004) و دشواری تنظیم هیجان (گرتز و رومر، 2004) جمع‌آوری شد. داده‌ها با نرم افزار SPSS(نسخه 26) و  SMARPLS( نسخه 3) تحلیل شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که مدل از برازش خوبی برخوردار است. در مسیر مستقیم تمامی اثرات مثبت و معنادار بودند (001/0=P). همچنین در مسیر غیر مستقیم نقش میانجی دشواری تنظیم هیجان ( 136/0=β  ) و باورهای خودانتقادی (051/0=β ) در رابطه با تجارب تروماتیک دوران کودکی و شدت اضطراب فراگیر تأیید شد؛ که هر دو معنادار بودند (05/0P<).
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد که تجارت دوران کودکی، دشواری تنظیم هیجان و ‌خود انتقادی به طور مستقیم و غیر مستقیم فاکتورهای مهمی در شدت اضطراب فراگیر هستند و بررسی این فاکتورها جهت مداخلات کارآمد باید مورد توجه درمانگران قرار گیرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
اضطراب فراگیر
باورهای خود انتقادی
تجارب تروماتیک دوران کودکی
دشواری تنظیم هیجان
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Examining the Causal Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Generalized Anxiety Severity: Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation Difficulties and Self-critical Belief

نویسندگان English

Zahra Izadpanah 1
Seyede Maryam Moshirian Farahi 2
Milad shirkhani 3
1 Master of General psychology, Department of Psychology, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran
2 Assistant Proffesor Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities. Imam Reza International University, Mashhad,
3 Ph.D. Student in Cognitive Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
چکیده English

Aim: This study examined the relationship between childhood trauma and generalized anxiety severity, with emotion regulation difficulties and self-critical beliefs as mediators.
 
Method: This descriptive-correlational study included 250 individuals attending counseling centers in Mashhad in 2023. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS-26 and SmartPLS-3.
 
Results: The model demonstrated good fit. Childhood trauma had significant direct effects on generalized anxiety severity. Emotion regulation difficulties (β = 0.136) and self-criticism (β = 0.051) significantly mediated this relationship (p < 0.05).
 
Conclusion: Childhood trauma, emotion regulation difficulties, and self-critical beliefs contribute directly and indirectly to generalized anxiety severity. These factors should be addressed in clinical interventions to improve treatment outcomes.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Generalized Anxiety
Self-Critical Beliefs
Childhood Traumatic Experiences
Emotion Regulation Difficulty
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.; DSM-5-TR). American Psychiatric Publishing. [link]
Azizi, A. R., Mirzaie, A., & Shams, J. (2010). Correlation between distress tolerance and emotional regulation with students smoking dependence. Hakim Research Journal, 13(1), 11-18. [link]
Bakker, J., & van der Kaap-Deeder, J. (2023). Self-criticism and internalizing symptoms in young adults: A longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 210, 112296. [link]
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., Stokes, J., Handelsman, L., Medrano, M., Desmond, D., & Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 169–190.[link]
Besharat, M., & Bazazian, S. (2014). Psychometric properties of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in an Iranian sample. Advances in Nursing and Midwifery, 24(84), 61–67. [link]  
Bie, F., Yan, X., Xing, J., Wang, L., Xu, Y., Wang, G., Liu, H., Zhang, T., Chen, D., Li, Y., Zhao, P., & Rao, Z. (2024). Rising global burden of anxiety disorders among adolescents and young adults: Trends, risk factors, and the impact of socioeconomic disparities and COVID-19 from 1990 to 2021. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, 1489427.[link]
Cecen, A. R., & Gümüş, Z. (2024). The underlying mechanism for childhood psychological maltreatment and self-satisfaction: The serial mediating roles of self-critical rumination and self-compassion. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–17.[link]
Doba, K., Saloppé, X., Choukri, F., & Nandrino, J. L. (2022). Childhood trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms in adolescents and young adults: The mediating role of mentalizing and emotion regulation strategies. Child Abuse & Neglect, 132, 105815.‏ [link]
Ebrahimi, H., Dezhkam, M., & Seqaleslam, T. (2013). Childhood traumas and suicide attempts in adulthood. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 19(4), 275–282. [link]  
Eres, R., Lim, M. H., Lanham, S., Jillard, C., & Bates, G. (2021). Loneliness and emotion regulation: Implications of having social anxiety disorder. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(1), 46–56. [link]
Hosseini-Mehr, N., Khezri-Moghadam, N., & Pourahsan, S. (2021). Effectiveness of compassion-based training on social self-efficacy, distress tolerance, and self-criticism in adolescent girls under the supervision of the Welfare Organization. Positive Psychology Research Journal, 7(2), 33–48. [link]
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.‏ [link]
Larochelle, S., Dugas, M. J., Langlois, F., Gosselin, P., Belleville, G., & Bouchard, S. (2025). Intolerance of Uncertainty and Emotion Dysregulation as Predictors of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Severity in a Clinical Population. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(5), 1502.‏ [link]
Lassri, D., & Gewirtz-Meydan, A. (2024). From trauma to intimacy: Examining the link between childhood maltreatment and adult sexual functioning–The mediating role of self-criticism. Child Abuse & Neglect, 149, 106663. [link]
Lee, Y. I., Lee, D., Kim, H., Kim, M. J., Jeong, H., Kim, D., ... & Choi, S. H. (2024). Overgeneralization of conditioned fear in patients with social anxiety disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, 1415135.‏ [link]
Liaqmand, M., Sadeghi, M., & Sepahvandi, M. (2023). The impact of childhood traumas on self-criticism in adolescent girls. 3rd National Conference on Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychology, Ardabil, 2(3), 72-65. [link]  
Naeinian, M., Shaeiri, M., Sharifi, M., & Hadian, M. (2011). Reliability and validity of the short form of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7). Journal of Clinical Psychology and Personality, 9(1), 41–50. [link]  
Renna, M. E., Spaeth, P. E., Quintero, J. M., O'Toole, M. S., Sandman, C. F., Fresco, D. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2023). A randomized controlled trial comparing two doses of emotion regulation therapy: Preliminary evidence that gains in attentional and metacognitive regulation reduce worry, rumination, and distress. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 170, 104420. [link]
Rezaei, M., Samadieh, H., Bagheri, M. M. S., & Qadamour, I. (2025). The role of metacognitive and affective beliefs and negative repetitive thinking in the relationship between emotional abuse and psychological distress in psychiatric outpatients: A multiple serial mediation model. Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry, 49, 100146. [link]
Richard, A., & Dunkley, D. M. (2024). Self-Critical Perfectionism and Anxious and Depressive Symptoms Over 2 Years: Moderated Mediation Models of Anxiety Sensitivity and Experiential Avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 55(5), 974-989.‏[link]
Rostami, M., Sabbagh, K., & Shirkhani, M. (2023). The mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and self-criticism in adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 17(1), 16–23.  [link]
Rouhi, M., Manzari-Toukali, A., & Tajrobe-Kar, M. (2022). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on self-coherence, emotion regulation, and quality of life in hemodialysis patients: A quasi-experimental study. Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences Journal, 21(10), 1055–1070. [link]
Ruan, Q. N., Chen, Y. H., & Yan, W. J. (2023). A network analysis of difficulties in emotion regulation, anxiety, and depression for adolescents in clinical settings. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 17(1), 29.‏ [link]  
Sanghvi, D. E., Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2023). Trait self-acceptance mediates parental childhood abuse predicting depression and anxiety symptoms in adulthood. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 94, 102673. [link]
Simpson, N. J., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., & Kealy, D. (2024). Self-criticism and anxiety in the general population. Archives of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, 26(4).‏ [link]
Sovacool, K. A., & Hess, U. (2024). Strategies and goals in emotion regulation models: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1425465. [link]
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives of internal medicine, 166(10), 1092-1097.‏ [link]
Sun, L., Zou, H., Li, W., Li, H., Pang, J., Cui, H., & Li, C. (2025). Intolerance of Uncertainty and Emotion Regulation in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The Role of Reappraisal and Suppression. Behavioral Sciences, 15(9), 1238.‏  [link]  
Sun, Y. (2023). The link of childhood abuse and personality pathology. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 8, 175–180. [link]
Thompson, R., & Zuroff, D. C. (2004). The Levels of Self-Criticism Scale: Comparative self-criticism and internalized self-criticism. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(2), 419–430. [link]
Wetzels, M., Odekerken-Schröder, G., & Van Oppen, C. (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration. MIS quarterly, 177-195. [link]
Wu, C., Tan, Y., Blain, S. D., Shao, S., Jia, L., & Wang, X. (2024). Emotion regulation difficulties in depression and anxiety: evidence from the dynamics of strategy use and daily affect. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 33, 100781.‏ [link]  
Yadgar, R. (2024). Effectiveness of psychodrama therapy on childhood trauma in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. 2nd National Congress of Rehabilitation Counseling of Iran, Tehran. [link]
Yamaguchi, A., & Kim, M.-S. (2013). Effects of self-criticism and its relationship with depression across cultures. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 5(1), 1–7. [link]
Wen, S., Zeng, Y., Xu, Y., Xu, S., Chen, W., Wang, G., Li, Y., Zhao, X., Zhang, T., Liu, P., Tang, J., & Song, H. (2025). Association of childhood maltreatment and adverse lifetime experiences with post-injury psychopathology: Evidence from the China Severe Trauma Cohort. BMC Medicine, 23(1), 2. [link]  
Zhao, Y., Zhang, L., Li, X., Wang, H., & Liu, J. (2024). Emotion regulation and self-criticism as mediators between   childhood trauma and generalized anxiety disorder. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 37(2), 185–200. [link]