فصلنامه روان‌شناسی کاربردی

فصلنامه روان‌شناسی کاربردی

مدل علی اعتیاد به گوشی‌های هوشمند و اضطراب اجتماعی: نقش میانجی راهبردهای غیرانطباقی تنظیم هیجان و سبک‌ مقابله‌ای‌ اجتنابی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
محمدرضا تمنایی فر 1
محمدرضا رادمرد 2
اعظم منصوری نیک 3
1 دانشیار، گروه روان شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران.
2 دانشجوی دکتری روان شناسی، گروه روان شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران.
3 استادیارگروه روان شناسی، واحد کاشان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کاشان، ایران.
10.48308/apsy.2026.241269.1889
چکیده
هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف، مدل علی اعتیاد به گوشی‌های هوشمند بر اساس اضطراب اجتماعی با نقش میانجی راهبردهای غیرانطباقی تنظیم هیجان و سبک مقابله‌ای اجتنابی است.

روش‌: پژوهش حاضر توصیفی از نوع همبستگی و مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری بود. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل دانشجویان دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی (ره) قزوین در سال 1404 بود که از میان آن‌ها ۲۰۰ نفر به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند. ابزارهای پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه تنظیم شناختی هیجان گارنفسکی و همکاران (2006)، پرسشنامه راهبرد‌های مقابله‌ با استرس اندلر و پارکر (1990) مقیاس اعتیاد به گوشی هوشمند کوون و همکاران (2013) و پرسشنامه هراس اجتماعی کونر و همکاران (2000) بود. داده‌های به دست آمده با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهای SPSS و AMOS و مدل معادلات ساختاری تحلیل شدند.

یافته‌ها: نتایج مدل‌‌سازی معادلات ساختاری نشان داد که مدل پژوهش پس از اصلاح، از برازش مناسبی برخوردار است. همچنین مدل نهایی توانست ۴۶ درصد از واریانس اعتیاد به گوشی‌های هوشمند را تبیین کند. اثر مستقیم اضطراب اجتماعی بر اعتیاد به گوشی‌های هوشمند معنادار نبود، اما اثر غیرمستقیم آن از طریق راهبردهای غیرانطباقی تنظیم هیجان و سبک مقابله‌ای اجتنابی معنادار هستند.

نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان دادند که اضطراب اجتماعی به‌طور غیرمستقیم و از طریق راهبردهای غیرانطباقی تنظیم هیجان و سبک مقابله‌ای اجتنابی منجر به اعتیاد به گوشی‌های هوشمند می‌شود. این نتایج بر اهمیت توجه به سازوکارهای شناختی و رفتاری در پیشگیری و درمان اعتیاد به گوشی‌های هوشمند تأکید دارند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
اضطراب اجتماعی
اعتیاد به گوشی‌های هوشمند
راهبردهای غیرانطباقی تنظیم هیجان
سبک مقابله‌ای اجتنابی
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Structural Model of Smartphone Addiction and Social Anxiety: Mediating Role of Maladaptive Emotion Regulation Strategies and Avoidant Coping Style

نویسندگان English

Mohammad Reza Tamannaeifar 1
Mohammadreza Radmard 2
Azam Mansourinik 3
1 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
2 Ph.D. Student,, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan , Kashan, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Kas.C., Islamic Azad University, Kashan, Iran.
چکیده English

Aim: This study examined the structural relationship between social anxiety and smartphone addiction, with maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and avoidant coping style as mediating variables.

Method: This descriptive-correlational study employed structural equation modeling. The statistical population included students at Imam Khomeini International University of Qazvin in 1404. Two hundred participants were selected through convenience sampling. Measures included the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Coping Strategies Questionnaire, Smartphone Addiction Scale, and Social Phobia Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS, AMOS, and structural equation modeling techniques.

Results: The final structural model demonstrated acceptable fit indices and explained 46% of the variance in smartphone addiction. Although the direct effect of social anxiety on smartphone addiction was not significant, the indirect effects through maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and avoidant coping style were significant.

Conclusion: Social anxiety contributes indirectly to smartphone addiction through maladaptive cognitive-emotional and behavioral coping mechanisms. These findings emphasize the importance of targeting emotion regulation and avoidant coping in preventive and therapeutic interventions addressing problematic smartphone use among university students.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Social Anxiety
Smartphone Addiction
Maladaptive Emotion Regulation Strategies
Avoidant Coping Style
Abdi, F. and Sadeghi, F. (2024). The Relationship Between Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Marital Intimacy with Quality of Life in Women with Breast Cancer. Applied Psychology, 18(2), 152-172.  (In Persian)  [Link]   
Akbarzadeh, M. M. , Imani, S. and Naghian, M. H. (2025). The Mediating Role of Self-Control in the Relationship Between Helicopter Parenting and Smartphone Addiction in Emerging Adult Students. Applied Psychology, (), (In Persian) [Link]  
Alavi, K. , Asghari Moghadam, M. A. , Rahiminezhad, A. and Farahani, H. (2017). Psychometric properties of the Persian version of Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) in university students. Applied Psychology, 11(1), 597-615.  (In Persian)  [Link]   
Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: A transdiagnostic examination. Behaviour research and therapy, 48(10), 974-983. [Link]
Annoni, A. M., Petrocchi, S., Camerini, A. L., & Marciano, L. (2021). The relationship between social anxiety, smartphone use, dispositional trust, and problematic smartphone use: A moderated mediation model. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(5), 2452. [Link]  
Azami-Aghdash, S., Amandi, F. A., Abdolahi, H. M., Naghibi, D., & Rezapour, R. (2025). Smartphone addiction and its association with accident risk in Iranian adults. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 22399. [Link]
Azizi, A., Emamian, M. H., Hashemi, H., & Fotouhi, A. (2024). Smartphone addiction in Iranian schoolchildren: a population-based study. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 22304. (In Persian)  [Link]
Castro, D., Lopes, P., Araújo, A. S., Ferreira, F., Rodrigues, A. R., Cardoso, J., ... & Ferreira, T. B. (2025). The differential impact of processing speed and cognitive flexibility on cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders. [Link]
Compas, B. E., Jaser, S. S., Bettis, A. H., Watson, K. H., Gruhn, M. A., Dunbar, J. P., ... & Thigpen, J. C. (2017). Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis and narrative review. Psychological bulletin, 143(9), 939. [Link]
Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R., Churchill, L. E., Sherwood, A., Weisler, R. H., & Foa, E. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN): New self-rating scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 176(4), 379-386. [Link]
Derakhshan, A. , Karbalaee Mohammad Meigouni, A. and Seirafi, M. R. (2017). Comparison of depression, anxiety, rumination, thought suppression and coping styles in spouses of schizophrenic patients and normal individuals. Applied Psychology, 10(4), 367-386. (In Persian) [Link]
Digital: Iran_Global Digital Reports series. (2025). Available at. [Link]
Ding, H., Cao, B., & Sun, Q. (2023). The association between problematic internet use and social anxiety within adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1275723. [Link]
Dryman, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2018). Emotion regulation in social anxiety and depression: A systematic review of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. Clinical psychology review, 65, 17-42. [Link]
Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2016). Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 509-516. [Link]
Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. (1990). Multidimensional assessment of coping: a critical evaluation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 58(5), 844. [Link]
Enez Darcin, A., Kose, S., Noyan, C. O., Nurmedov, S., Yılmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2016). Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety and loneliness. Behaviour & Information Technology, 35(7), 520-525. [Link]
Evans, J. S. B., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate. Perspectives on psychological science, 8(3), 223-241. [Link]
Extremera, N., Quintana-Orts, C., Sánchez-Álvarez, N., & Rey, L. (2019). The role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on problematic smartphone use: Comparison between problematic and non-problematic adolescent users. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(17), 3142. [Link]
Fata, L., & Fathi-Ashtiani, A. (2022). Psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis of the Iranian version of smartphone addiction scale (SAS). Journal of Psychology, 101(1), 24. [Link]
Gao, L., Kong, F., Liu, F., Zhang, Z., & Wang, X. (2025). Shyness and Adolescents' Smartphone Addiction: Roles of Maladaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation, Experiential Avoidance, and Online Social Support. Psychology in the Schools, 62(3), 864-874. [Link]
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2018). Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Cognition and emotion, 32(7), 1401-1408. [Link]
 Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire–development of a short 18-item version (CERQ-short). Personality and individual differences, 41(6), 1045-1053. [Link]
Garnefski, N., Rieffe, C., Jellesma, F., Terwogt, M. M., & Kraaij, V. (2007). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and emotional problems in 9–11-year-old children: the development of an instrument. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 16(1), 1-9. [Link]
Ghoreyshi Rad, F. (2010). Validation of Endler & Parker coping scale of stressful situations. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 4(1), 1-7. (In Persian) [Link]
Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological inquiry, 26(1), 1-26. [Link]
Hasani, J. (2010). The Psychometric Properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2(3), 73-84. doi: 10.22075/jcp.2017.2031. (In Persian) [Link]
HASSANVAND, A. M. (2015). The standardization of social phobia inventory (spin) in nonclinical iranian samples. (In Persian) [Link]
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Fang, A., & Asnaani, A. (2012). Emotion dysregulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Depression and anxiety, 29(5), 409-416. [Link]
Huang, S., Lai, X., Ke, L., Qin, X., Yan, J. J., Xie, Y., ... & Wang, Y. (2023). Coping styles among Chinese adolescents: The development and validation of a smartphone coping style scale. Journal of Children and Media, 17(4), 488-505. [Link]
Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in human behavior, 31, 351-354. [Link]
Kim, H., Cho, M. K., Ko, H., Yoo, J. E., & Song, Y. M. (2020). Association between smartphone usage and mental health in South Korean adolescents: The 2017 Korea Youth Risk behavior web-based survey. Korean journal of family medicine, 41(2), 98. [Link]
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications. [Link]
Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H., & Yang, S. (2013). The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PloS one, 8(12), e83558. [Link]
Lapierre, M. A., Zhao, P., & Custer, B. E. (2019). Short-term longitudinal relationships between smartphone use/dependency and psychological well-being among late adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(5), 607-612. [Link]
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer publishing company. [Link]
Lee, B. W., & Stapinski, L. A. (2012). Seeking safety on the internet: Relationship between social anxiety and problematic internet use. Journal of anxiety disorders, 26(1), 197-205. [Link]
Liu, C., & Ma, J. L. (2019). Adult attachment style, emotion regulation, and social networking sites addiction. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2352. [Link]
Lu, G. L., Ding, Y. M., Zhang, Y. M., Huang, H. T., Liang, Y. P., & Chen, C. R. (2021). The correlation between mobile phone addiction and coping style among Chinese adolescents: a meta-analysis. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 15(1), 60. [Link]
Ran, G., Li, J., Zhang, Q., & Niu, X. (2022). The association between social anxiety and mobile phone addiction: A three-level meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 130, 107198. [Link]
Rozgonjuk, D., Levine, J. C., Hall, B. J., & Elhai, J. D. (2018). The association between problematic smartphone use, depression and anxiety symptom severity, and objectively measured smartphone use over one week. Computers in Human Behavior, 87, 10-17. [Link]
Seong, M. H., & Nam, H. R. (2017). Influence of stress coping style, relationship ability and self-esteem on smartphone addiction in nuring student. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 18(2), 61-70. [Link]
Seyed Tabaee, R., Rahmatinejad, P., Mohammadi, D., & Etemad, A. (2017). The role of coping strategies and cognitive emotion regulation in well-being of patients with cancer. J. Inflamm Dis, 21(2), 41-49. (In Persian) [Link]
Shaahmadi, Z., Jouybari, T. A., Lotfi, B., Aghaei, A., & Gheshlagh, R. G. (2021). The validity and reliability of Persian version of smartphone addiction questionnaire in Iran. Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy, 16(1), 69. (In Persian) [Link]
Tan, Y. L., Chang, V. Y. X., Ang, W. H. D., Ang, W. W., & Lau, Y. (2025). Virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 38(2), 141-160. [Link]
Trudel-Fitzgerald, C., Boucher, G., Morin, C., Mondragon, P., Guimond, A. J., Nishimi, K., ... & Denckla, C. (2024). Coping and emotion regulation: A conceptual and measurement scoping review. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 65(3), 149. [Link]
Weiss, N. H., Sullivan, T. P., & Tull, M. T. (2015). Explicating the role of emotion dysregulation in risky behaviors: A review and synthesis of the literature with directions for future research and clinical practice. Current opinion in psychology, 3, 22-29. [Link]
Xiao, Z., & Huang, J. (2022). The relation between college students’ social anxiety and mobile phone addiction: the mediating role of regulatory emotional self-efficacy and subjective well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 861527. [Link]
Yildiz, M. A. (2017). Emotion regulation strategies as predictors of internet addiction and smartphone addiction in adolescents. Journal of Educational Sciences and Psychology, 7(1). [Link]
Zhang, M., Chi, C., Liu, Q., Zhang, Y., Tao, X., Liu, H., & Xuan, B. (2024). Prevalence of smartphone addiction and its relation with psychological distress and internet gaming disorder among medical college students. Frontiers in public health, 12, 1362121. [Link]
Zsido, A. N., Arato, N., Lang, A., Labadi, B., Stecina, D., & Bandi, S. A. (2021). The role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social anxiety in problematic smartphone and social media use. Personality and Individual Differences, 173, 110647. [Link]  
فصلنامه روان‌شناسی کاربردی
دوره 20، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 78
تابستان 1405
صفحه 177-199